Ideological conflicts in medical research Essay

Ideological conflicts in medical research - Essay Example This paper begins with the purpose of medical researches that is to invent new medicines for addressing ailments. If such medicines are tested in animals, we may fail to accurately predict the exact repercussions of such medicines on human beings. It is not sure that all medicines that work on animals should work on human beings. Moreover, a positive dimension of this is that it reduces the unethical treatment of animals in the name of medical research. For, human beings and other animals have equal importance in this world. Therefore, an experiment for the betterment of his race must be done on himself. One may say that all experimentations carried on in medical field intend the common good of the mankind and hence there is no problem in taking a few as the means to reach the end. However, humanitarians are always against treating man as means. The exponents who argue that man must only be treated as an end may put forward the following arguments. If a person participates in a new d rug application trial, his primary reason can be that he gets an opportunity to get extra money. He believes that the doctor will do his/her part well and no harm will be caused to him. In fact, if that person meets with any serious disaster during the trial, no one will be responsible since the individual has taken the decision at his own discretion. Therefore, it is not ethical to deploy human beings for such dangerous experiments. The reason lies with the fact that a physician always tries to save one’s life by all means whereas, a researcher tries to generate knowledge experimenting with the patients. (Boomgaarden & Louhiala, 2003, p. 101). Evidently, the subject’s life is put in danger. At this juncture, the ethical perception of a researcher is set in dispute. For, the researcher will not act as a physician but only a researcher; and nobody will be found responsible for a damage caused to the human life underwent experimentation (ibid). In addition, since man is superior to all, his security and wellbeing must be given prime consideration. If samples of trial medicines are first tested on animals there is a privilege of identifying the likely bad effects on man. Hence, potential risks against the subjects can be eliminated that way. In the same way, it is highly unethical to use captivated person, mentally retarded persons and persons who are regarded as less worthy as subjects without their consent. For example, the Nazi experiments conducted in Concentration Camps during Second World War (Standler, 2000). It must be noted that, as an individual, the doctor cannot take any measure or try any course of action without the assent of the person captivated or compelled to undergo experimentation. Moreover, due to the application of the untested medicines the survivor is likely to give in for other kinds of ailments though he is not directly affected by the experiment shortly (ibid). On the other hand, it is not always possible to use man as end due to a number of constraints. Therefore, according to this opinion, man must be used as means as well. Such trials are usually conducted on relatively small number of healthy volunteers.

Tution Fee at American Unversty of Sharjah Essay

Tution Fee at American Unversty of Sharjah - Essay Example We wanted to understand the change in demand if there is an increase in the fee: how many students will still have a demand for it and how many students will not join. We also measured the elasticity of demand. We also wanted to find how the trends were among females and males, were they different or were they pretty much the same or they both were indifferent towards such changes. For this we have done an analytical research for which a questionnaire has been prepared consisting of 6 questions which are as follows: 1. Gender 2. Marital status 3. Living with family or away 4. Current tuition fees paid 5. Maximum fee they are willing to pay 6. Do they have scholarship, if yes then how much With this questionnaire we will assess the number of students who will join the college even if the fees increase. With this questionnaire we will be able to identify the demand among males and females and also amongst scholarship students. In the research we have hypothised that a small increase in the tuition fees of the students is not going to affect the students. This will help the people from the college authorities to understand the behavior of the students to the increase in the tuition fees. One of the main problems we might face is that there might be some errors which we might not be able to restrict. The interviewer might target some of the people whom he knows and not others whom he doesn’t know. On the part of the respondent they are affected by factors such as that when they know that they are being interviewed they might give a wrong answer. These things might affect our research but here such factors are assumed to be minimal and the information provided can be relied upon. THEORY AND IMPLICATIONS Demand and Supply analysis The demand and supply analysis is a powerful tool the can be applied to a wide variety of interesting problems. Such as: To understand how changing world economic conditions can affect market price and production or evaluating the im pact of government price controls, minimum wages, price control, price support etc. Here we will be using the demand and supply analysis to determine demand and supply changes in case the tuition fees changes. Elasticity Of demand It may be defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price. EP =% change in quantity / Percentage change in price Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is defined as the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a product and the price the consumer actually pays for the product. It is denoted by the area enclosed by the demand curve and the actual pay line. Here, consumer surplus can be seen as the number of students who would like to join the college after a hike in the tuition fee. Producer surplus Producer surplus is defined as the difference between the price at which the producer actually sells the product and the minimum price at which the producer is willing to sell the product. It is de noted by the area enclosed by the supply curve and the actual pay line. The graph showing the number of students okay with fees increase and students who wants a decrease shows the region under consumer surplus and producer surplus. Income effect Income Effect is the change observed in the consumption of quantity among two products (or group of products) with a change in the income of the consumer. The change is

Body Image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Body Image - Essay Example During the year 1870s, anorexia nervosa first existed and was initially perceived as a nervous disorder associated with young women. But in the 19th century, anorexia is defined as: "(1) a refusal to maintain a normal body weight with body weight at least 15 percent below that expected; (2) an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat despite being underweight; (3) body image distortion, 'feeling fat' and overvaluation of thinness; and (4) a reduction of food intake, avoidance of fattening foods, often with extensive exercise, self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic abuse so as to achieve the weight loss and maintain a low body weight" (qtd. in Malson 3). Out of many studies from different researchers about the severity of eating disorder, it was Lacey's (1985) "false self" and "borderline" eating-disordered patients that corresponded to the most severe forms of the illness. Lacy's (1985) idea on "false self" was actually motivated from observations of Winnicott (1975) that discrepancies in the self came out either as an adaptation to a lack of emphatic encouragement and support from the primary caretaker, or as an unintentional consequence of miscuing between mother and child. Consequently, due to this disruption, it might cause problems in introspective/reflective awareness, or insufficient consolidation of self-regulatory skills. Since there is already a lack of inner awareness, an adolescent eating-disordered woman might present with an undemanding, compliant personality that is sensitive to outer, but not inner signs (Eliot 2004). Accordingly, the woman might tend to be a "people pleaser" whose pseudo-maturity and intuitive auto nomy are part of the false pretense. On the other hand, the so-called "borderline" patients encompassed the most seriously ill group even up to the present day. Particular characteristics portrayed by these patients are the perception of themselves as overwhelmed, always in danger, of no value, and unattractive. Correspondingly, they see other people as corrective, controlling, and insensitively critical. Their fragmented sense of self and fragile ego boundaries often result in poor impulse control and a anxious search for external tension regulation. Behaviors that are exhibited in order to lessen and alleviate a sense of internal emptiness and despair cause these patients to be poly-symptomatic and particularly difficult to help. Factors Affecting Anorexia Nervosa There are in point of fact numerous factors that can be enumerated that affect eating disorders in women. It may be due to socio-cultural factors, family problems, individual vulnerability as a result of trauma or things that might have gone wrong in the difficult early mother-child relationship, and the influence brought about by the mass media. In sticking with the scope of this paper, the socio-cultural factors and the mass media are the only factors that are further discussed aligning to this paper's purpose. Socio-cultural Factors As women reach adolescence, they undergo a lot of physical changes like their size and shape. It is also during this time when culture

Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Example for Free

Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Achievement of organizational objective depends on organization structure which is dynamic. Organization structure defines the flow of power and authority geared toward a particular course of action directed by organization’s objective. For organization structure to help to organization objective it is dependent on the employees. Employees operation are guided by the organization supervisors, whose their role is defined in the organization structures. Supervisor operations are dependent of power and authority which help to ensure things in an organization are done in the right way as well as achieving organization goals and objective. In organization management power and authority are very important as they help the organization to be able to direct organization employee toward organizational goals. Power and authority are dependent on the leadership model in an organization. Organizational managers are the leaders who employees report to hence their performance is dependent on the leadership offered by the manager. Achievement of organizational goal shall only be possible if power and authority are employed effectively. Authority and power helps the management to be able to create a productive culture through social process to guide employees’ capacity towards attaining organization goals and objectives. Power and authority helps the leader â€Å"†¦to create, maintain and improve a culture so that people will achieve objective (purpose) and continue to do so over time†¦Leadership in an organizations is a more specific process of influence since it involves goal that have been specified and can be measured or at least evaluated achieved only through employment of power and authority)† (Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006) pp 80). To influence employees toward organization goal, management can employ three ways according to Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006). That is force, manipulation and persuasion. Use of force by the management involves employment of force as well as real application of physical force to compel employees to work. Concept of force requires power to as it call for imposing one person against other employees, often referred to as coercion. Manipulation takes form of social distortion which direct requires the subject to do as they are told without asking questions. Manipulation is different force in that there is no coercion and employees are convinced that they are doing the right thing. Persuasion in an organization attempt to influence the employee to act in a certain way geared towards achieving organizational objectives without force or manipulation. It is dependent on will of the employee and mutual trust. Employment of force manipulation in an organization is dependent on the power and authority bestowed to the various leader or supervisors in the organizational operations. In an organization, authority is provided for by the organizational structure. Organizational structure grants an outline formal distribution of authority in an organization. Authority in an organization is largely provided for by formalization meaning standardized as well as rule and regulations that govern employee operations. Formalization defines the discretion in which an employee can act in his/her duties. â€Å"In an organization with high degrees of formalization, job descriptions and policies provide clear direction. Where formalization is low, employees have a great deal of freedom in deciding how to conduct their work†. In an organization different department exhibit different degree of formalization which may be base on the qualification of the employee to the organization affairs or rank of the employee. Authority is related to power in that it legitimizes supervisors to be able to direct and control subordinates to the intended course of action. Authority helps the supervisor to make decision geared towards organizational objective. Organization has three form of authority namely line authority, staff authority as well as team authority all distributed in the organizational structure. Line authority refers to straight supervisory form superior to subordinate organized such that it flows from top to the bottom of organization structure. Organization structure gives the chain of command which is unbroken line of command defining the decision, making process within an organization. Chain of command defining the authority of different personality in an organization helps employees to know who they are answerable to. This helps to avoid problem of duplication organization activities which comes due to more than one person assigning duties. Line of authority which is the basis of chain of command is linked to line department which are directly connected to production and sales of the organizational products. Examples of line department are marketing and production responsible for performance of the employees and reward. Staff authority as compared to line authority is more pegged to authority to advice base on the expertise and involves advising line managers. Employees help the line departments in coming up with the advices to be used for decision making but they lack authority to make the last decision. Staff supervision through suggestions made by line department decides on what is to be carried in the line department, coordinate as well as provide technical assistance. Team authority is executed by work teams responsible for daily operations in an organization. It comprises of groups of operating employees responsible for coordination of the organization operations. Team based structure as define under team authority in an organization organizes separate functions based on the overall organizational objectives. Authority is dependent to power such that for a supervisor to be able to get things done in accordance to the objectives of the organization power is required. â€Å"Everyone has power in one form or another and it is by exercising this power that organization get thing accomplished. Supervisors who are capable of achieving their objective independently of others are said to possess strength†. To be able to include people in the plan as well as organizational activities, supervisor requires power to get organizational things accomplished. Therefore, power is capability to apply influence in the organizational ahead of authority. This is gotten from the position as established by the organizational structure. In an organization a legitimate power bestowed to various leaders in an organization is established by individual position according to organizational hierarchy. Other forms of power include coercive power, reward power, expert power, referent power as well as information power. Supervisors’ power toward course of action depends on influence in the organization giving authority which may be centralized or decentralized. Centralization means the decision making power is concentrated on top of the management while in decentralization form of decision making authority is in lower level of employees. Relation of authority and power is that authority is the legitimate power of a supervisor to be able to direct employee to a certain course of action in accordance to organization goals. In a nutshell authority is a form of power delegated from the organization main authorities to subordinate.

Overview Of Clintons Impeachment Proceedings Essay -- William Jeffers

An Overview of the Impeachment Proceedings of William J. Clinton The impeachment trial of President Clinton originated from a civil lawsuit filed in 1994 by Paula Jones. Jones alleged that in 1991 Governor Clinton asked a state trooper to bring her up to his room at Excelsior Hotel, where she alleged he dropped his trousers and asked her to "kiss it" (Chronology of the Paula Jones Case, BBC, January, 1998). The case made it to the Supreme Court because of the President's request to delay the trial until the end of his term. The Supreme Court ruled that the trial could proceed, and Jones' lawyers began their investigation. On December 5, 1997, "Jones' lawyers submitted a list of women that they would like to depose. Included on the list was the name Monica Lewinsky" (The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton, UMKC online, Linder, 2005). In 1995, twenty-one year old Monica Lewinsky began an internship at the White House. Six months later, while assigned to the West Wing, Lewinsky began a sexual relationship with the President. This relationship involved several sexual encounters that spanned from the fall of 2005 to the beginning of 2007 (Starr Report, Sect. II, CNN online, 1998). Not long after, came the Supreme Court's decision to allow the Paula Jones case to continue. In January of 1998, Attorney General Janet Reno petitioned the three-judge panel in charge of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr. The petition requested Starr's authorization to conduct an investigation on whether anyone had committed a federal crime regarding Paula Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit against President Clinton (Starr Speaks, Salon online, Starr, 1998, para.2). The Three Judge panel granted the petition filed by Attor... ... At the end of William J Clinton's presidency, although not impeached nor censured, he admitted to misleading testimony. Soon after this admission, in 2001, the Arkansas State Bar suspended his license to practice law for five years and fined him $25,000. A few months later, the Supreme Court also moved to suspend his license to practice law in front of the Supreme Court. Facing suspension, Former President Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court Bar. References: http://icreport.access.gpo.gov/hr611rh.txt http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/impeach.html#hinquiry http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/house/roundup/ http://leahy.senate.gov/press/199902/990211ext.html#I http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/resources/1998/lewinsky/defense/ http://www.law.cornell.edu/background/impeach/censure.htm http://www.cnn.com/starr.report/

Essay --

As time changes, so does everything else in the world. Scientists have been finding numerous ways to improve our ordinary technology and they have succeeded, but what about transportation? Over the years, scientists have improved transportation by simply thinking out of the box. Cars have evolved from being animals people ride on to automobiles people ride in. For example, the use of transportation was the use of donkeys and horses from the Middle Ages all the way to the 18th century; people loved the idea of wagons and horses because it was the easiest way to get from place to place (5). The first car to ever be made was invented by Karl Benz in 1886 and it had three wheels; Benz also built the first successful gasoline powered vehicle to ever be seen but it was very expensive (9). As the idea of cars came about, people thought it was ten times better than using wagons and horses; the car was the quicker and easier way for people to travel around. Furthermore, the first affordable car to be invented was made by Henry Ford in 1903, and it was a four-wheeler that was also a gasoline powered car; it was called the Model T, and it was very unsafe because it didn't have anything to protect the driver (10). As cars kept improving over the years, inventors and sci entists found new ways to keep people safe in their cars; the seatbelt was then invented by Nils Bohlin and it was first introduced by Volvo in 1959 (1). Since more people were buying cars, inventors and scientists wanted to make it a safer experience, so they came up with a way for people to not fly out of their cars; this surely kept the accident rate down. In less than two hundred years, transportation went from animals to vehicles; scientists have made cars safer, easier, ... ... fiberglass, and even steel (3). As boats became larger and heavier, scientists found the need to accompany those characteristics with different materials to help boats stay afloat, remain durable, and still be able to navigate. With the creation of boats, people's lives have changed and will continue to do so with the help of new technology and scientists daring to think of the unimaginable. It is not a surprise that technology has come to be as advanced as it is now but along with it, transportation has also evolved and continues to do so in the biggest way possible. From cars to boats to rockets, transportation is important for human beings to get around and it has advanced greatly with the help of scientists and regular people who chose to think bigger. Scientists are just beginning with these new inventions, so who knows what new transportation will come next.

Mid-Term Break – Creative Writing

I was in the college sick bay all morning panicking and wondering why I was sat in this small clinical room. I was left alone lying on the old squashy but cold bed. I was listening to the bells ring every hour. I was wondering what lesson I should be in now if I had not been in this uncomfortable, small cramped room. At last, the school nurse walked in and said to me â€Å"Simon your next door neighbours are here†. I picked up my coat, put my bag on my back, and walked to the school reception where my neighbours were stood. My neighbours were nice people. They were the type that would help out, like picking me up from school or baby-sitting my brother. My neighbours came and gave me a hug and sat me down by the school reception and said â€Å"Simon, we have some bad news†. All sorts of things were running through my head at that moment, I thought that their cat had died or something but these words came out â€Å"Your brother is in hospital. He has been run over by a car†. On the way home I felt sick. Tears were trickling down my face while I was thinking if my brother was okay or not. On the way home the journey felt like five hours rather that ten minutes. When I finally got home, I saw my father crying in the porch. I tried to comfort him but I was too worried myself to be of any real help. I thought I knew what had happened, my father does not really cry when somebody dies but this time he was really crying. He was alone in his own world. He was cold and noises were muffled. The tears clouded his eyesight. As I entered the house, there were many people talking about different things. I could not tell what they were saying; it was just one loud noise. I could make out big Jim Evans, my uncle, who was saying in a solemn voice, â€Å"it was a hard blow†. My younger sister, Natalie, was in the pram rocking and laughing as though nothing had happened. I wished that I could do that; just pretend that nothing had happened. I went upstairs to my bed room and was met by lots of old men whom I had never seen before, I was embarrassed when they all stood up and started to shake my hand, they told me they were sorry for my trouble. I locked on to someone saying that I was the eldest child away at boarding school when my brother had been run over. I was holding my mums hand when I heard this. At ten o'clock on Tuesday morning, my brother's corpse arrived at the house and was taken upstairs to the attic. The corpse was bound in bandages and they were stained in blood around the body. This made me feel sick. I wanted to get out of the room as quick as I could. The following morning I went upstairs into the attic to say my goodbyes. The room was cold and many candles were lit around the corpse to show respect. Snowdrops soothed the atmosphere and made everything calm. I saw him lying in the coffin. It was the first time I had seen him in six weeks because I had been away at boarding school. He was lying there, but more stiff and paler than I had seen him six weeks ago. He was lying there with a poppy bruise on his left temple where the car had hit him. It appeared as though he was fast asleep in his bed, but it was not his bed, it was a coffin. He had no gaudy scars because the bumper had knocked him clear. This made me feel sick again but I did not want to leave the room. His box was four foot long as if this was a foot for every year.