Indochina and Colonization

Introduction The Indochina region comprises of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia countries. This region was highly influenced by colonization. Indochina refers to a peninsula that lies slightly southwest of the Chinese Republic and on the eastern part of India.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Indochina and Colonization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The region was part of the enormous French colonial empire that focused on ensuring that France became a significant global power that enhanced control of social, economic, political, and economic wealth in the countries it colonized.1 French and Vietnam relationships began in the early nineteenth century. Its intervention in the war was justified by the fact that it had the jurisdiction and political mandate of ensuring that the work of the Paris Foreign Missions organization was preserved and its continuity enhanced. French military conquest in this region infl uenced its decision to impose political and economic boundaries in Indochina.2 The paper focuses on the in-depth analysis and understanding of the various effects of colonization on French Indochina, financial benefits that might have been accrued from the colonization process, and undertaking a comparison between the effects of French colonization in Indochina and the effects of the colonization process on other colonized regions in Southeast Asia. Indochina Colonization French Indochina was established in October 1887 when the French instituted its control of the popular northern Vietnam region. French Indochina encompassed the Vietnamese rebellion between 1885 and 1895, the French-Siamese combat, French high encroachment level on Siam between 1904 and 1907, the popular â€Å"Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang†, the French verses Thai warfare, and the many economic, social, and political challenges that faced Indochina. French Indochina was a colonial relationship that was built based on achieving economic gains in the region. It was believed to be a â€Å"colonie d’exploitation† focused on ensuring that the French colony built a strong economic empire and that it enhanced its dominance of the global economic network.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More French control of Vietnam was achieved after it had won the war against China. The federation was established in October 1887. French established a substantial control of the northern region. However, it was the Vietnamese rebellion towards its colonies and its increased nationalist reaction towards the need for liberation and self-rule that transformed the French Indochina social and economic structure. The constant uprisings failed to achieve any meaningful concessions that had been desired by the French leaders. In its colonization endeavors, French colonial powers â€Å"manufactured crisis after crisis† with the aim of being perceived as peacemakers yet their real goal was to enforce its biased economic strategies. The strategies led to most countries constantly conceding defeat. Consequently, French forces continued to exercise control of their newly acquired territories.3 Effects of Colonization on French Indochina It is evident that colonization had both positive and negative effects on the French Indochina social and economic structures. Establishment of monopolistic business strategies was a major effect of the French Indochina relationship. At the time, French was the primary language of undertaking business ventures. This significantly transformed the economic structure of the region as it opened up new business networks, established global business operations and ensured that Indochina gained access to the worldwide marketplace.4 This was a very crucial development as it contributed to the rapid expansion and steady improvement of the Indochina transport and c ommunication network.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Indochina and Colonization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversification of the French colony negatively impacted all the economic gains that France had already made. The diversification process ensured that France only focused on the social and economic activities that were of benefit to its citizens, not the Indochina region. Economically, the countries in Indochina witnessed significant economic growth. Through the French Indochina relationship, the French government established mechanisms of funding the colonized countries’ governments and ensuring that such governments became dependent on its â€Å"economic goodies†. The funding was done through the imposition of high tax levels on the local people and by ensuring that business monopolies that were established on the selling of salt, rice, opium, and alcohol were fully enforced. Rather than to augment business operations in the countries it had colonized, France oppressed the colonies and ensured that they did not establish their independent business networks. The French security chiefs and financial advisers feared that empowering the colonies would be a recipe for increased rebellion due to possible achievement of economic freedom.5 The colonization process, therefore, made Indochina financially challenged. The Colonization process also leads to many uprisings combined with increased political tension and instability in Vietnam and other Indochina countries. The high level of rebellion and political pressure hindered the concern population to venture into any meaningful economic activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the countries increasingly became financially weak. By intensifying the nationalist sentiments, the Vietnamese people provoked the French military to become more forceful in its control of the territory. This contributed to increased destruction of the French infrastructure and increased destabilization of the country’s economy. France heightened the humiliation and exploitation of Indochina’s social and economic structures. Its increased diversification led to reduced economic impact as the rate of infrastructure development in Indochina declined significantly. Rather than to remain steadfast in fostering the well being of Indochina, France diversified its limited resources. This made it very ineffective in the manner in which it addressed the social and economic demands of Indochina. The colonization process was dominated with many ambiguous colonial mechanisms that lacked objectivity.6 On a positive note, colonization changed the French Indochina econo mic structure by bringing into action new and better commercial products that helped to boost the economy. The changes also contributed to the emergence of more job opportunities, thus improving people’s social and economic status. Improved economic structure encouraged the growth and mining of products such as coal, rice, tea, zinc, pepper, tin, and coffee among others.7 Thanks to the colonization process, the development of the French automobile industry was also reflected in the emergence and development of rubber plantation in Indochina. This was a significant improvement in the Indochina economic structure as the rubber industry transformed the social structure of Indochina. In essence, the colonization process helped to discover new economic opportunities as very vast plantations started to flourish in Cochinchina, Annam, and other parts of Indochina. As the world’s major rubber producer, France managed to change Indochina country’s economic trends. This w as because the region had decided to continue practicing large-scale rubber planting for commercial purposes.8 It is also evident that colonization played a significant economic role in Indochina as it stimulated other forms of investment in Indochina countries. For instance, colonies such as Vietnam witnessed the emergence of various business enterprises such as Michelin and an increase in the number of financial investors in mines and coffee, rubber, and tea plantations. The colonization process had a major long-term economic impact on the region’s industrialization process. Establishment of factories, production companies, and manufacturing plants became a crucial economic development that was witnessed.9 Sadly, most of the proceeds accrued from these economic activities were always repatriated to France and used in the improvement of the French economic status while Indochina citizens continued to perish. Improvement of transport, communication and technological networks enabled Indochina’s nations such as Indonesia and Cambodia to become bustling commercial hubs in the region. This implies that the colonization process improved people’s way of life. The existence of unique buildings such as Beaux-Arts and landmarks that include the â€Å"Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica† and the â€Å"Hanoi Opera House† helped to improve business operations in the region. Social structure in Indochina was negatively affected. In some instances, the colonization process enhanced rebellion that in turn caused many deaths, diseases and disintegration of the Indochina’s social structure due to the war that ensued. This highly contributed to the high poverty level, single-parent families, and increased cases of dysfunctional families in most countries in the region.10 The situation was very different in France as the colonization of Indochina did not have any significant effect on the country’s social structure. Other adverse effects of colonization of French Indochina included failure of the French colony to uphold human rights. Colonized people were always forced to adhere to the French policies. Although the countries in the Indochina region grew rubber and rice, among other cash crops, the people remained very miserable and financially weak. The outright discrimination that the French occupation practiced in Indochina was very saddening. This led to heightened nationalism, increased religious and racial clashes and high level of rebellion towards the French forces.11 Worst still, imperialism forced citizens in the Indochina countries to ignore their rich social, cultural, political, and economic practices. Comparison with Other Colonized Regions in South East Asia Like most colonized regions in Southeast Asia, the French colonial power’s main interest was to improve its economic status by expanding its global economic superiority. Failure to accord priority to the establishment of strong political bou ndaries proved to be a major failure in France. This resulted in increased use of political strategies that were either outdated or irrelevant to the specific situations that the French colonizers faced.12 Unlike other colonized regions in Southeast Asia, France did not manage to have a heavy political presence in Indochina. This made it much easier for other global superpowers to counter France’s security forces hence the ultimate defeat of the French forces. Unlike other colonized regions in South East Asia, Indochina countries never gained a lot of infrastructural development of its French colony. In Indochina, colonization mainly played a crucial role in improving the overall performance of the agricultural sector. Although industrial and mining sectors were developed, the extent to which the agricultural industry was improved does not match the degree to which the agricultural industry was profoundly and positively improved. Unlike other colonized regions, the French set tlement and colonization of Indochina did not take place on a large scale. Like other colonized regions in South East Asia, colonization exposed Indochina people to many social hardships. The colonization process focused on enhancing French self-interests rather than ensuring that the well being of the citizens in the colonized countries was advanced. As was the case of the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, colonization was biased towards making economic gains but failing to streamline the colony’s political stability. In nearly all cases, failure to balance between economic and political demands contributed to the colonies’ ultimate defeat and loss of control of the Indochina countries.13 France, Japan, and other colonial power trends often led to increased nationalism and rebellion to the social, political, and economic ideals enforced by the colonial powers. Colonization’s Financial Benefits To the French people, colonization enabled their country to eng age in vast rubber planting and large scale cash crop farming in foreign countries. By exporting rubber and other crop products to French companies, colonization provided many employment opportunities to the French population. On the contrary, the Indochina people were offered jobs that mainly demanded manual labor in firms.14 The jobs provided to the Indochina people could not afford them decent housing and improved living standards. In Indochina, economic growth was based on cash crop farming. France industrial sector financially benefited from the colonization of Indochina as it got the raw materials from Indochina in a very cheap, primitive, and consistent manner. In Indochina, the education sector witnessed tremendous improvement. The increased demand for skilled labor compelled the French forces to sponsor the local people to acquire the much-needed work experience and skills. Consequently, the French colony improved the level of education in Indochina and ensured that the peo ple in the Indochina region were enlightened on the needed crop production expertise.15 The core intention of the improvement of the system of education in Indochina was to ensure that economic self-interests of France were realized in the most cost-effective, efficient and consistent manner. Indochina’s health sector greatly benefited from the colonization of the region. Prior to being colonized by the French powers, Indochina mainly depended on traditional medicines. However, colonization led to improved living standards coupled with hard labor and improvement in the region’s sanitation and health standards. This has a direct influence on Indochina’s financial status as better health standards implied a healthy and more productive population. Additionally, the fact that new and more enticing goods were being produced in the colonized Indochina meant that business in the region was booming. In France, the political sector became more stable due to improved econ omic standards that enabled the French government to finance its colonial policies and other domestic economic ventures. The Indochina relationship with France resulted in the emergence of a middle-class economy. This was mainly triggered by the fact that most of the people who worked at farms, in health sector, and on the improvement of the country’s transport and communication networks enjoyed better living standards than their unemployed counterparts. The rise in the middle-class social strata was based on the fact that there were people who had gained formal employment in the agricultural sector while a few others had been employed in the health, education and production sectors. Forms of Racial Segregation During the colonization of Indochina by the French powers, race emerged as a sensitive issue. Racial discrimination was perpetrated by the French power under the disguise of employment based on one level of education and work experience. Competitive employee recruitmen t strategies were never embraced as the French colonies believed that the people in Indochina countries were of a â€Å"lower grade† and could therefore not be trusted with running large multinational companies that needed a high level of creativity and innovativeness. Colonization significantly changed the French Indochina economic structure and even augmented various economic developments in Indochina. It also bolstered enlightened people on their rights and enabled them to be aware of the need for nationalism. France also practiced gender-based racial discrimination in Indochina. Women were mainly occupied by kitchen-related tasks most of which did demand that the person doing it be skilled. In workplaces, Eurasians, Indians, whites, and Vietnamese were all treated in different ways due to the belief that an individual’s race determined his or her level of efficiency at the workplace.16 It was also evident that the French colonies did not encourage interracial marri ages between the whites and the indigenous races. Such marriages were perceived to degrade the white and could reveal the fact that race was never a crucial factor in determining an individual’s level of efficiency, reliability, creativity, and innovations. Conclusion Based on the above critical analysis of fundamental aspects of Indochina and colonization, it can be concluded that French colonization strategy was mainly focused on enhancing its economic and political self-interests. Having been under the French imperial leadership between the 1850s and 1950s, Indochina suffered a lot of economic and social challenges. During the colonization period, most French interventions were based on the need to enhance unity and ensure that French benefited from its social, economic, and political ventures undertaken in several countries across the globe. Bibliography Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hemery. Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954. Berkeley: University of Californi a Press, 2011. Edwards, Penny. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation. USA: University of Hawaii, 2008. Errington, Elizabeth and Elizabeth McKercher. The Vietnam War as history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990. Laffan, Michael. Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2007. Norindr, Panivong. Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. Osborne, Milton. The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response. New York: Cornell University Press, 1969. Footnotes 1 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds (New York: Routledge publishers, 2007). 2 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996). 3 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Um ma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East (New York: Routledge Publishers), 13-21. 4 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 32-52. 5 Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hemery, Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011). 6 Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hemery, Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 9-18. 7 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990). 8 Milton Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response, 1859–1905. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1969). 9 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East (New York: Routledge Publishers), 39-54. 10 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 89-104. 11Penny Edwards. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860-1945. Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory. (USA: University of Hawaii), 2008. 12 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 13-22. 13 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 35-46. 14 Milton Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response, 1859–1905. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1969), 14-31. 15 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 195-285. 16 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 69-81. This research paper on Indochina and Colonization was written and submitted by user Mauricio U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Positive Feedback Mechanism From a natural sciences perspective, a positive feedback mechanism is often referred as a feedback loop. Therefore, a certain action can be referred as a causative factor of a specific reaction. The reaction within the systems also leads to further action by a system as it reacts. In natural sciences, positive feedback mechanism is responsible for explosive reactions in certain elements of the ecosystem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Positive Feedback Mechanism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes, a positive feedback mechanism can cause a positive or a negative reaction. An example of a negative result from a positive feedback mechanism is global warming. This research paper introduces positive feedback in clouds as an accelerating factor in global warming. Scientifically, high-level clouds have been found to have a net cooling effect (Pickering and Owen 36). From various researches, it has been fou nd that a decrease in low-cloud cover is caused by warm atmospheric pressure. This warm atmospheric pressure is evidenced once the sea surface becomes warmer. However, a consequent rise in temperatures causes a negative feedback mechanism. This means that more clouds will be formed as a result of warm sea temperatures. Eventually, the feedback mechanisms from the rising sea temperatures directly harness global warming.  From a scientific point of view, atmospheric water is responsible for the upper-level clouds. In this respect, a positive feedback mechanism from clouds is harnessed by the net greenhouse effect from the upper-level clouds. Another reaction as a result of the upper-level clouds is an increase of the global temperatures and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Woodward 39).  Another fact that validates the assumption that clouds harness global warming is the ability to reflect incoming sunlight. High-level clouds have the ability to prevent a direct radiation of heat from the earth and water surfaces. In this respect, an impact on the global energy equation is created. It is also important to note that high-level clouds releases heat, once they start to precipitate. From a scientific perspective, such heat is transferred into the atmosphere and affects the equation of the global heat. However, a feedback loop is evidenced once the clouds start to react to the prevailing climatic conditions. Global warming can be described as the prevailing earth temperature. However, low-level clouds can alter this temperature. The interaction between low-level clouds and wind systems is considered to be a contributory factor towards global warming. Low-level clouds are thick and have the ability to trap heat than upper-level clouds. However, this depends on the control mechanism fostered by atmospheric winds.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e There are two common types of high-level clouds. The first high-level cloud is known as cirrus. Cirrus is characterized by weak reflection and strong greenhouse. The second high-level cloud is altostratus. Altostratus is characterized by intermediate reflection and intermediate greenhouse. From the above discussions, it is important to note the following cloud feedbacks. First, any cloud feedback can also cause certain changes in cloud properties. Secondly, cloud sensitivity and emissivity is affected by a change in water properties. For example, there is a change in cloud properties once the ice changes to liquid and eventually to vapor. Thirdly, the reflectivity of clouds increases with an increase in condensation of water. All these factors are crucial elements in feedback mechanism that leads to an increase in global temperatures. Pickering, T., Kevin and Owen, A., Lewis. An introduction to global environmental issues. Routledge, 1997. Print. Woodward, I. F. Advances in ecological research V22: The ecological consequences of global climate change. Academic Press, 1992. Print.

Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Essay

Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium - Essay Example The influence of environmental factors on quorum sensing as seen by the influence of glucose metabolism on the production and degradation of the signal shows that through quorum sensing the cells communicate their growth phase as well as the metabolic potential of their environment. Strain AB 1157 of E. coli and strain LT2 of S. typhimurium grown in 0.5% glucose containing LB broth for the assay was removed from the medium and checked for activity that resulted in expression of luminescence in V. harveyi. 10% cell-free culture fluids from the two strains demonstrated maximal induction of luminescence in the V. Harveyi reporter strain BB170 which has the phenotype for quorum sensing, sensor 1-, sensor 2+ which induces luminescence exclusively through the signaling system 2 detector. The response was similar to that from V. harveyi BB152 culture fluid with E. Coli showing 106% and S. typhimurium showing 237% activity of the control activity. The signaling factor was not produced and the luminescence expression not induced when the bacterial strains were cultured in LB broth without added glucose and substitution of 10% LB medium containing glucose respectively. Candidates for signal including glucose, cAMP, amino acids, acetate, ÃŽ ±-ketogluterate, homoserine lac tone and other keto acids also produced no activity suggesting V. Harveyi BB170 respond to some signaling substance secreted by E. coli AB1157 and S. typhimurium LT2 grown on glucose containing LB medium. An analogous experiment performed with V. Harveyi reporter strain BB886 (sensor 1+ , sensor 2-) which is a wild type strain that do not act in response to signaling molecules that function through the signaling system 2 detector. Addition of E. coli AB1157 and S. typhimurium LT2 cell-free culture fluids showed only a respective 1% and 5% increase above control level (control used V. harveyi BB120 spent cultures which produces system 1 autoinducer).These results shows that E. coli AB1157 and

Department of Defense Small Business Contract Essay

Department of Defense Small Business Contract - Essay Example (2009). Advantages 1. The requirement for this contract is only the delivery of the agreed merchandise, for which the contract was agreed. 2. Can also be used to test unknown contractors 3. It provides for a situation in which there is competitive bidding on the entire scope 4. Management by the owner is least required 5. It provides an incentive for the contractor to equip best resources Disadvantages 1) It bears a heavy risk to the contractor as s/he assumes the cost risk 2) Both the schedule and quality of risk is heightened 3) A very complete and in-depth definition will be needed upfront 4) There will be more costs attached when changes occur than in cost-reimbursement 5) The total schedule of the bidding process is lengthened in this case Cost-reimbursement contract This is that contract whereby a given contractor is compensated for every of its acceptable costs or rather expenses to a given limit, plus an additional imbursement to thrive to some profit (Project Management Inst itute. (1987). It is a contract with a fixed price contract, whereby the contractor is issued with a negotiated sum f money irrespective of the expenses that may be incurred thereof. There are various contracts namely the time and materials contract, the cost-reimbursement and the fixed price contracts. Each contract comes with its own performance risk and/or cost for the various agencies especially the governments but the different kinds of the cost-reimbursement contracts could be employed be it in form of the award fees, incentives etc that are put in place to motivate the contractor and subsequently dispel waste and inefficiency by the given contactor (Heldman, et al, 2007). Cost-reimbursement contract pay s the said contractor’s acceptable costs that are incurred to such extent set by the contract but may also pay an additional fee related to the performance. Such contracts do include an estimated sum intended to obligate the funds and a ceiling to that said contractor w hich exceeds at its own risk, unless agreed on and approved by the contracting personnel. This type of contract may be used in situations in which the accounting system used by the contractor for determination of costs is easily applicable to the contract and where appropriate surveillance at the time that the performance is underway (Schwalbe, K. (2009). Advantages 1) It’s also used in a situation where there is a concern in the long term quality is quite high. 2) In this case, final cost might be lower than some fixed price contract due to the fact that the contractors never inflate their prices to cover risk. 3) It has some small incentive to negotiate corners as opposed to the fixed-price contracting (Project Management Institute. (1987). Disadvantages 1. Oversight and administration is also needed in the designation of an award to be offered or any such appropriate incentive. 2. Additional administration and oversight is needed to ensure that it’s only the permiss ible costs are paid and that adequate general controls to costs are instituted. 3. Certainty is limited to the exact final cost (Project Management Institute. (1987). 4. The incentive provided to be efficient in itself is smaller as compared to the fixed-price contract. Advantage of the small over big companies in contracting There are a number of mechanisms that the government has set

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My country, India, is on the threshold of hectic development in infrastructure like roads, bridges, highways, expressways etc. India is in a tearing hurry to make up the lost time and catch up with the developed world and achieving better standard of living. Civil engineering will play a major role in changing the face of Indian Panorama. When we go for modern bridges, high rise buildings or ultra-modern condominiums; structural engineering will form the center stage of engineering development. Being the son of an engineer who is running a construction company in Mumbai for past 25 years, the exposure to civil engineering was available to me from my childhood. This field fascinated me, when I used to join my father during vacations on his projects. Thus, as far as future career was concerned, I had already decided that I should carry on the business established by my father. Only aim was that I would like to reach much greater heights in scope, expanse and technology. During my schooling and college days, where I had high academic profile, I was focused on opting for civil engineering and when I got an admission for undergraduate studies in a premier Institute like S. P. College of Engineering, which is reckoned next to IIT’s in stature and standing, I was extremely happy and decided to make the best of the opportunities offered. I found structural engineering subject very interesting as it forms the heart of any structure, be it building, bridge or highway. In my final year project, I got an opportunity to study the construction of the tallest buildings being built by a premier construction company of Mumbai. These 60 storey high rises will be the tallest in Mumbai. I was exposed to modern construction methods and management and the use of modern equipments. I could see the use of concrete batching plant (which is seldom used in India) and tower cranes on this site. For the first time, I learnt how quality control of materials is carried out to ensure safe and efficient construction, or the steps taken to improve ground stability like rock bolting and guniting etc. This project gave me an insight in how much development has taken place in civil engineering. It has firmed up my resolve to do graduate studies in structural engineering, get in-depth knowledge and exposure in the field and later, develop family construction business further. Your University with its excellent facilities, highly qualified faculty and worldclass infrastructure is the right place for pursuing graduate studies in structural engineering and if given a chance, I shall make the best out of it.

Domestic Violence in the Black Community: Policy Analysis

Domestic Violence in the Black Community: Policy Analysis ‘Behind Closed Doors’: An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Law and Policy in Cases of Severe Domestic Violence in the Black Community Introduction Over the last decade there have been an increasing number of cases of severe domestic violence that have resulted in injury and even the death of one or more parties. The researcher has highlighted a gap in current research into the effectiveness of policy in cases of domestic violence. This gap is mostly due to the relationship between domestic violence and the law being difficult to measure because very often the criminal events that take place, such as assault, occur within the privacy of private homes. Furthermore, research suggests that people who experience domestic violence are less willing to report their experiences, or talk about them afterwards due to feelings of inadequacy, guilt, and fear (Davis and Krane, 2006). Domestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are le ss likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. Methodology The research hypothesis focuses on the premise that despite recent amendments to the law the law is not effective enough in preventing the perpetrators of domestic violence from seriously harming others in the home. An overview of current law and policy concerning domestic violence will highlight the need for the government to work more closely with social services in order to better protect women and children who experience domestic violence. Research focuses on inner-city areas in the UK, where black communities are most established specifically on parental relationships and parents’ relationships with their children, and how the law seeks to protect these relationships. Using journal articles and research conducted within the last decade, patterns of domestic abuse will be examined and reasons why some cases are more severe than others will be analysed. The case studies will explore individual accounts of domestic violence. Throughout the dissertation research will be placed into a relevant theoretical framework, informed by studies on criminological theory concerning domestic violence and the law; studies on social work theory concerning violence within the home, and the degree of variation within individual experiences of domestic violence (eg: McGee, 1997 and 2000). Literature Review Domestic violence has been defined as: â€Å"a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.† (Department of Health [DoH] 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept of Health, 2003). Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic, yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association [BMA] 1999). While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime. Government Policy The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Home Office, 2005) Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead. The protection from Harassment Act 1997 ‘Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence.’ Crown Prosecution Survey (2005) Domestic Violence National Action Plan (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/) The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/) Support Organisations There are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence Helpline Community efforts, such as the ‘Peace Week.’[1] Women’s Aid National Centre for Domestic Violence (http://www.ncdv.org.uk/) Case Studies One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of ‘getting used’ to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life. An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica: ‘in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view.’ (Unknown author. http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that ‘particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.’ The purpose of the case studies will be to expose the difficulties involved in cases of domestic violence, eg: Interpreters can be used to help report cases of DV, but involving a third party in a woman’s private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence. psychological effects of domestic violence, such as blame, guilt (Davis and Krane, 2006) For migrant women there exists a fear that separation from family will not allow them to stay in the UK, and they experience the threat that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (Greenwich Multi-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003) The problem of law enforcement Statistics Statistical research will consider work such as The Home Office survey 2004 (findings from the 2001 British Crime Survey), and Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals, by The Department of Health, 2000. Analysis of Results and Theoretical Approaches Results will be analysed and compared to other relevant studies. The analysis will be placed in the context of criminology theory concerning domestic violence, such as general strain theory and angry aggression theory. This section will also draw from Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy by Vito et al (2006). Conclusion Research will aim to validate the main hypothesis: namely that recent amendments to law and policy concerning domestic violence have contributed to further protecting women and children. Yet there remain situations where the law sometimes cannot be enforced it is thus important that victims of domestic violence can access 24 hour support from their service providers, and that local authorities become more involved in helping to combat domestic violence. Bibliography Ballou, M, Margolin, A., Youga, J., 2002, ‘Voices of Violence: A Study of Male Adolescent Aggression.’ Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development. Volume: 41. Issue: 2. P. 215+. British Medical Association (BMA), 1999, Domestic Violence: a Health Care Issue? BMA: London Crown Prosecution Survey, ‘Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence.’ (2005) [online]. Available from: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/DomesticViolencePolicy.pdf [Accessed 09/10/08] Davis, S.P. Fantuzzo, J.W.,1989, ‘The effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behaviour of withdrawn and aggressive maltreated preschool children.’ Journal of Family Violence, 4 Davis, L., and Krane, J., 2006, ‘Collaborate with Caution: protecting children, helping mothers.’ Critical Social Policy. 26. 412. Available online from: ‘http://csp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/412.’ [Accessed 07/10/08] Department of Health, Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals. DoH, London. March 2000 Fantuzzo, J.W., and Mohr, W.K., 1999, ‘Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence.’ The Future of Children. Vol 9. No. 3. Gaudoin, T., Home Truths, 2001, The Times Magazine, pp. 24-9, 10 November Greenwich Multi-Agency Domestic Violence Forum ‘Tackling Domestic Violence.’ 5th Edition. August 2003. Hester, M., Pearson, C. and Harwin, N., Making an Impact. Children and Domestic Violence: a Reader. London: Jessica Kingsley Home Office, 2005, ‘National Plan for Domestic Violence.’ [online] Available from: http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence51.htm [Accessed 08/10/08] Home Office Research Study 276. ‘Domestic Violence, sexual assault, and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office March 2004 Home Office 2000. Available from ‘http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/crimlaw.pdf.’ [Accessed 07/ 10/ 08] Kelly, L., 1996, When Women Protection Is the Best Kind of Child Protection: Children, Domestic Violence and Child Abuse, Administration, 44(2), Mayhew, P., Mirlees-Black, C. and Percy, A., The 1996 British Crime Survey England Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulleting, Issue 19.96. Home Office, London 1996. McGee, C., 2000, Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence. London: Jessica Kingsley McGee, C., 1997, Childrens Experiences of Domestic Violence, Child and Family Social Work, 2 Memon, K., Wife Abuse in the Muslim Community, Belfast Islamic Centre: http://www.khyber.demon.co.uk/comfort/articles/abuse/htm [Accessed 09/10/08] McGibbon, A. and Kelly, L., Abuse of Women in the Home: Advice and Information. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. London 1989. Piaget, 1962, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Gategno, C., (transltr). New York: W. W. Norton. Richardson J., Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Wai Shan Chung, Moorey, S., and Feder, G., 2002, ‘Identifying domestic violence: cross sectional study in primary care.’ BMJ. February 2; 324(7332): 274 Shipway, L, 2004, Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Health Professionals. New York: Routledge Unknown author, ‘Domestic Violence within the Black Community.’ 2as1.Net. Available from ‘http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.’ Vito, G.F, Maahs, J.R, Holmes, R.M, (2006) Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy Jones Bartlett Wahl, R., Sisk, D.J., and Ball, T.M., 2004, ‘Clinic-based screening for domestic violence: use of a child safety questionnaire.’ University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, June 2004. BMC Med. 2004; 2: 25. Available from: ‘http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=455697.’ [Accessed 09/10/08]. URL’S Women’s Aid. Available from: ‘http://www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php’ [Accessed 08/10/08]. http://endabuse.org/programs/healthcare/files/Pediatric.pdf http://cms.met.police.uk/met/boroughs/hammersmith/04how_are_we_doing/news/community_joins_together_for_peace National Centre for Domestic Violence. Available from: http://www.ncdv.org.uk/ [Accessed 08/110/08] [1] See ‘http://cms.met.police.uk/met/boroughs/hammersmith/04how_are_we_doing/news/community_joins_together_for_peace’ ‘Accessed 27/02/07].

Complete Case: Amgen Whistleblowing Essay

Read and write up an executive summary on the case, including answers to the following questions. 1. How did Amgen’s unethical behavior contribute to the problems with Medicaid kickbacks? 2. Why does the public consider this scandal to have an unethical dilemma? 3. Explain what is meant by whistleblowing? Include your opinions and identify any gaps between public expectations of ethical standards and universal professional codes of ethical standards. Case : Amgen Whistleblowing Case Amgen, a Thousand Oaks, California–based company, had the unenviable task of dealing with lawsuits filed by 15 states in 2009 alleging a Medicaid kickback scheme.1 To make matters worse, two additional whistleblowing lawsuits were filed against the company in Ventura County. The complaints, which don’t appear related to the fraud alleged by the group of states, were brought by former employees who said they had uncovered wrongdoing at the biotech giant and were terminated after they raised red flags to superiors. One employee alleged the company violated federal law by under-reporting complaints and problems with the company’s drugs after they hit the market. The facts of that lawsuit are described below. Former Amgen employee Shawn O’Brien sued Amgen for wrongful termination on October 9, 2009, alleging he was laid off in October 2007 in retaliation for raising concerns about how the company reported complaints and problems with drugs already on the market. O’Brien worked as a senior project manager for Amgen’s â€Å"Ongoing Change Program,† according to the lawsuit filed in Ventura County Superior Court. His job was to improve Amgen’s â€Å"compliance processes with high inherent risk to public safety, major criminal and civil liability, or both,† according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleged that in April 2007, Amgen’s board of directors flagged the company’s process for dealing with post-market complaints about drugs as a potential problem. Federal law requires drug companies to track and report to the Food and Drug Administration any problems with their drugs after they hit the market. In June 2007, O’Brien was put on the case. He soon uncovered facts that Amgen was not adequately and consistently identifying phone calls or mail related to post-marketing adverse events of product complaints. That year, O’Brien warned the company about the seriousness of the issues but, he claims, the company would not take any action or offer any support. In August 2007, O’Brien took his complaint to a senior executive/corporate officer (unnamed) and warned that Amgen’s process for dealing with post-market problems wasn’t adequate. In early September of 2007, O’Brien’s managers instructed him to stop all work and not discuss the issues any further with anyone. Approximately four weeks later he was informed that he was being terminated as part of Amgen’s October 12, 2007, reduction in the work force.

Personality Development Essay

-Psychology-scientific study of human and animal behavior and human mental processes. -Logos-logic : Ancient greek philosophers. Introduce logos. Explain natural world. -Natural Philosophers-naturalistic/physicalistic explanations. Mythos: story or legend. -Empiricism-knowledge based on observable events. Instantly applied to understanding of natural world. -Personality Psychology-scientific study of unique, characteristic patterns of thinking. Feeling, acting(cognition, emotion, behavior) –Various Theories â€Å"Different focus will produce different conclusions.† Hebrew Tradition (mythos) – two basic impulses that are identified. 1. yetzer ra: selfish impulse. Drive towards survival. 2. Yetzer Tov: Selfish/altruist impulse. Moral. Christian Tradition (mythos) – Original sin. Basic Nature is selfish. Early Greek Tradition (logos) – Greek physicians: Hippocrates (460-370bc) Human health/behavior-result of bodily fluids/humors. Imbalance of humors produces illness(blood, phlegm, bile). Related to fire water wind earth air. Galen (131-200ad) Development of Theory of Impernment (personality types) 4 Types: *Sanguine (blood and air) Personalities: extraverted, social. Extreme: arrogant, indulgent, impulsive ** Cholaric (yellow bile, fire) Personality: passionate, charismatic, ambitious, energetic. Extreme: dominary ***Melancholic (Black bile, earth) Personalities: thoughtfulness, considerate, creative. Extreme: OCD ****Phlematic (phlegm, water) Personalities: kind, dependable, reliable. Extreme: inhibited, reserved. ^Continues as Trait Theory Myers Brigg personality type indicator–invented by Carl Jung E-I: extrovert/introvert S-N: Sensing/intuative T-P: thinking/feeling J-P: judging/percepting *16-17 Century:——-Essential Nature: Three Philosophies Thomas Hobbs (original Sin) – inherently selfish, egotistically, aggressive. Must be controlled by society Jean Jacque Rousseau (noble savage) – inherently good, selfless, altruistic. Corrupted by society. John Locke (tabla rasa, blank slate) – neither inherently good or bad. Shaped by society. *20 Century—–Each philosophy is going to influence a psychology (Personality Theory) Three Psychologies: Sigmund Freud (psychodynamic) – selfish, pleasure seeking, aggressive (Id). Controlled by internalized social constraints (superego) Carl Rogers (humanistic/ existential) – inherently good. Possess potential for positive growth. Basic needs not met. B.F Skinner (behaviorism) – neither good/bad. Shaped by experience, environment. Learning Sigmund Freud First comprehensive theory or personality dev. Three components: Personality structures – personality composed of 3 interacting elements. Biologically focused. Id – inborn selfish, self serving, aggressive, pleasure serving. Superego – Voice of conscience. Conflicts with Id–produces anxiety. Ego – Mediator between Id and Superego. Seeks to satisfy Id’s demands in a socially acceptable way. Reduce anxiety. Develops defense mechanisms. * Defense mechanisms – Ego and Id. Reduce tension or anxiety between the Id and Superego. Believed repression was the primary defense. Remove from conscious awareness deny existence of conflict. Developmental Stages __Anna Freud Focus on ego development. Focus on adaption to social world. Defense mechanisms facilitate social adaptation. Development of Ego Psychology – Focused on social relatedness as a motivator vs biological. Responsible for negotiating between individuals needs and outside world. *Success of defense mechanisms based on how well they work meeting needs. Adaptive vs. Maladaptive *#*# Ego Psychology – Basic Propositions: 1. Inborn capacity to function adaptively. Life long process of active adaptation to external envir. 2. Ego has autonomous functions within â€Å"conflict free zone†(interaction between individual and world). Ego mediates between the individual and the social world. __Heinz Hartman – Ego Psychology and the problem of Adaptation -Individual adapts to interactions with â€Å"real† world. Autonomous function of ego–Arise from evolution and enhances survival. >Process of Adaptation: Occurs in two domains: 1. Alloplastic Adaptation – change and choose environment. 2. Autoplastic Adaptation – change self to meet needs. __Erik Erikson – Identity and the life cycle. Epigenic Principle – development occurs in series of stages. Stages are universal. Stages unfold in pre-determined order. Each stage requires mastering of tasks. Life long process. Have cumulative effect. __Alfred Adler – â€Å"Individual Psychology†. Still considered psychodynamic. Develops as reaction to freud. Most influential unknown psychologist. Contributions: Positive psychology. Emphasis on: uniqueness of each person. Social/cognitive influences. *Active construction of self. -Based on four concepts: Striving for significance Private Logic Fictional Finalism Style of life -*-Striving for Significance – Perfection. Completeness. Self Actualization. Based on private logic and fictional finalism. Inborn sense of inferiority. Develop compensation. Failure to overcome results in inferiority complex (overcompensation). -*-Private Logic – emphasizing creative power of self. Suggest â€Å"self† is not passively determined. actively constructed. Function is served by fictional finalism and life style. -*-Fictional Finalism – future oriented. The goal towards which we strive. Exist subjectively. Goal is to satisfy striving for superiority. Individuals pursue goals through various behavioral choices. Each person develops unique patterns of behaviors.(style of life) -*-Life Style – Attempts to gain goal through various behavioral patterns/choices. Each person express striving different. Based on private logic and fictional finalism. Individually unique patterns of behaviors/responses.

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper This paper will consider which activities are officially counted as crime and feature in the official crime statistics, opening with a view as to why some activities do, whilst others, quite clearly and equally criminal, do not figure amongst these official statistics. This approach acknowledges that not all crimes, for whatever reasons, are reported to or acted upon by the police. We will consider serious and dangerous activities that some may deem equally criminal but which never find their way into the official statistics as a result of what Steven Box identifies as ideological mystification. Having examined this paradoxical situation, we will consider the futility of using crime statistics in the tracking of crimes, and in the implementation of measures against them. Before addressing this question, it would be helpful to be aware of what official criminal statistics represent in reality, and what they can actually tell us. Given this understanding, it seems that we can never be completely sure that the data, which represent certain activities as crime, fully reflects the true extent to which crime is being committed. There are many variables that need to be taken account of, such as the number of pursuits legally counted as crimes that are actually being reported to, and recorded by, the police. The most important issue here is the requirement for consistency in recording; yet the discretion that we know to be open to, and exercised by, the police affords them the freedom to manipulate the records in order to suit some hidden agenda or ulterior motive (e. g. he need for the police to meet Key Performance Indicators; or attempts to show crime as being higher or lower than the figures would in actual fact suggest), thus allowing the statistics to be constructed in such a way as to mislead and misinform politicians and the general public about the level of crime in our society. Therefore, if we do not have a clear picture from true and accurate statistics, it would appear to be futile to rely on these for the purposes of tracking crime or, indeed, in applying the measures taken against it. The dark figure of crime (unrecorded crimes) is not represented within the official criminal statistics. These unrecorded crimes can include anything from the pilfering of property in the workplace, to vandalism and the violent abuse of women and children within the home, (Muncie, J. 1998). These are crimes more usually picked up in self-reports or victimisation studies conducted by the British Crime Study (BCS) and which can be said to illustrate something of the disparity existent between the official statistics and peoples life experience of crimes. In 1982 and 1984, the BCS suggested that only about half of known crime is reported to the police. Since this is the case, and given the fact that very little is known about the bulk of criminal activity in Britain, the official crime statistics are far from representative of the reality of crime in Britain and so are of very little use in informing policy measures taken against it; although it could be argued that they may be of some use to certain politicians wishing to embark upon a law and order campaign. It could also be argued that these statistics may be used to point the finger at certain sections of the populace for purely political reasons. Steven Box (1981), poses the powerful argument, for example, that criminal laws are little more than ideological constructions representing the interests of an influential ruling elite. Box argues that laws tend to focus on those victimizing behaviours that are considered more serious and given greater prominence in the public perception, as constituting the most serious of social problems and deserving of no less serious responses. Crimes such as murder, rape, robbery and burglary are clearly reflected within the official crime statistics as perpetrated by predominantly young men of low socio-economic status. Amongst these, the uneducated, unemployed and ethnic minorities are over-represented and form the bulk of the prison population. This apparently tells us that particular sections of the populace are the most likely perpetrators of crime and criminal activity within society. However, statistics such as these do not tell us that, as Box indicates, far more serious crimes and criminality occur on a regular basis yet go unnoticed. A large number of these offences are crimes committed by the rich and powerful, which are carried out on the relatively powerless; real people who suffer avoidable death and serious injury for want of the proper implementation of current health and safety regulations at work and elsewhere. Criminal law also excludes from protection consumers who have been sold faulty products through the malpractices of manufacturers, or shareholders that incur losses resulting from the deliberate mismanagement of a company by its directors or senior management. (Box, 1981). Thus, the official criminal statistics would appear actually to hide the crimes of the more powerful, wealthy and privileged individuals within society whilst simultaneously serving to overemphasize and overstate those criminal activities of the weak. This effectively distorts and renders unreliable the official picture of crime as portrayed by the state. In relation to our question, it would appear then that the official crime statistics are far from representative of the true extent and reality of crime in our society, and although the vast majority of people wish to be protected from the very real crimes featured in the official statistics, they are notoriously unreliable indicators of the incidence of crime or, indeed, of the types of crime being committed in contemporary Britain. Therefore, the remainder of the question seems to be a fruitless pursuit unless we wish to advocate various conspiracy theories and speak in terms of the official crime statistics serving purposes such as controlling targeted sections of the populace by tracking their particular activities and informing the measures taken in combating these, whilst simultaneously serving to cover up the crimes of the rich and powerful elite and distract attention from their activities. In point of fact, that line of argument would result in the assertion that the official crime statistics actually serve to help maintain this particular, current, status quo.

The Younger Years of Grace Murray Hopper

The Younger Years of Grace Murray Hopper Computer programming pioneer Grace Murray Hopper was born on December 9, 1906, in New York City. Her childhood and early years contributed to her brilliant career but also showed how she was a typical kid in many ways. She was the oldest of three children. Her sister Mary was three years younger and her brother Roger was five years younger than Grace. She fondly recalled the happy summers playing typical childhood games together at a cottage on Lake Wentworth in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. Still, she thought that she took the blame too often for mischief the children and their cousins got into on vacation. Once, she lost her swimming privileges for a week for instigating them to climb a tree. Besides playing outdoors, she also learned crafts such as needlepoint and cross-stitch. She enjoyed reading and learned to play the piano. Hopper liked to tinker with gadgets and find out how they worked. At age seven she was curious about how her alarm clocked worked. But when she took it apart, she was unable to put it back together. She continued taking apart seven alarm clocks, to the displeasure of her mother, who limited her to taking apart just one. Math Talent Runs in the Family Her father, Walter Fletcher Murray, and paternal grandfather were insurance brokers, a profession which makes use of statistics. Graces mother, Mary Campbell Van Horne Murray, loved math and went along on surveying trips with her father, John Van Horne, who was a senior civil engineer for the city of New York. While it wasnt proper at that time for a young lady to take an interest in math, she was allowed to study geometry but not algebra or trigonometry. It was acceptable to use math to keep household finances in order, but that was all. Mary learned to understand the familys finances because feared her husband would die from his health problems. He lived to be 75. Father Encourages Education Hopper credited her father for encouraging her to step beyond the usual feminine role, have ambition and get a good education. He wanted his girls to have the same opportunities as his boy. He wanted them to be self-sufficient since he wouldnt be able to leave them much of an inheritance. Grace Murray Hopper attended  private schools in New York City where the curriculum focused on teaching girls to be ladies. However, she was still able to play sports at school, including basketball, field hockey, and water polo. She wanted to enter Vassar College at age 16 but failed the Latin exam, She had to be a boarding student for a year until she was able to enter Vassar at age 17 in 1923. Entering the Navy Hopper was considered too old, at age 34, to join the military after the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II. But as a mathematics professor, her skills were a critical need for the military. While Navy officials said she should serve as a civilian, she was determined to enlist. She took a leave of absence from her teaching position at Vassar and had to get a waiver because she was underweight for her height. With her determination, she was sworn into the U.S. Navy Reserve in December 1943. She would serve for 43 years. Her younger years shaped her path to the computer programming legacy for which she is famous. Later in life, after her time in the Navy, she invented the Mark I Computer with Howard Aiken. Her early math talent, her education, and her Navy experience all played a role in her eventual career. Source and Further Reading Elizabeth Dickason, Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time, The Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine, 27 June 2011.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TOPIC - Research Proposal Example It also breaks the monotonous classroom and office set up thereby bringing change to the learning environment resulting in close attention to class work. A number of students fail in their exams not because intelligence quotient, but because of the approach used that makes learning boring, which ends in low grades and therefore, incorporating visual aids in the learning process improves student’s performance. Various software packages and tools like power point are used to enhance learning, thus making learning very interactive. Customization of effects that include color, give the audience a better understanding of what is under discussion, giving visual learning an edge over other traditional learning methods. Through this, it’s very easy for students to recall what they have been taught through the use of images, the same effects are employed in early childhood education. Visual Learning provides certain elements that notes or texts cannot provide. The use of elements like graphs, charts, images and slide-shows give students the ability to retain most of the things learnt, than they would otherwise retain through the normal classroom lessons. It is therefore important to study how these tools improve performance among students and their relationships with similar tools used in early childhood. It’s of significance to know changes, if any, in the learning process as one begins at kindergarten through to institutions of higher learning by undertaking further research on this topic (Salkind,

Derby Castles Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Derby Castles Management - Assignment Example The succeeding part of the document will delve directly on presenting these problems. Robin Hood can develop a SMART Goals by making a comprehensive, actionable, flexible, and goals that could be able to shift together with the shifting market demands. It should be based on perceived reality and possibilities of change in the future. Before the goals are set, Robin Hood should first identify the real essence and purpose of the organization. "Develop a long-term relationship with the customers through providing value-based services, hassle free transaction processing through the use of information wise systems of customer accommodation in order to gain customer loyalty, which will lead to profitability." Poor Marketing Strategy - Marion Montgomery, the marketing manager shared the marketing strategy they had utilized as one of the secrets behind the success of attracting diverse types of visitors-customers. She is to some extent confident that their main line in their advert which says "Derby Castle - the finest mediaeval castle in England" is a full package description of the castles features. But she does not discount the Castle's unique state of preservation, the breadth of attractions it offers, its location on the banks of the River Trent or its thousand-year span of history. In general, the advert is ineffective in the sense that it has only served lesser information than what is needed. The management is ignoring the fact that different people would have different reaction to what we can consider a poetic line, and each have different preferences in based on their expectations of the overall performance in exchange for their payment. Historical Values against Financial Values - This talks about the real value of the site. Montgomery said that "Coca-Cola have offered us a sponsorship deal. They will give us money for a particular project which will increase our revenue and also the number of visitors we are getting. The problem is that Coca-Cola is the epitome of youth and fizz while the Castle's target market is adults ABC 1, average age