Film Analysis Ocean’s Eleven Essay - 1102 Words

Final Review Ocean’s Eleven is an American heist film (first of the trilogy) and a remake of the 1960 version which features an ensemble cast of George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Andy Garcia and Julia Roberts. For the most part there are three elements to a heist film: Assembling the crew and setting up the scheme, the break in and looting, and then the escape. Ocean’s Eleven covers all of those elements plus more. The plot of the film wasn’t just about robbing the casinos for money for the most part. The cinematography in Ocean’s Eleven involve many nice shots of Las Vegas which includes the Bellagio Fountains near the end scene of the movie and the film has very nice atmospheric details with casinos, the gaming tabling, with Las†¦show more content†¦The colors that were used in the setting gives a welcoming feel and the unnatural/artificial light lightens up the whole scene. Right after that shot, the next shot still has the camera fixed on Ocean walking into a casino floor. This points out that the casino contains a lot of wealthy rich people spending money on slot machines and various other gambling games. As the casino is the first place that Ocean visits after leaving prison, it suggests that it plays an important role in the storyline. Ocean’s Eleven musical score used throughout the film really complements the scenes where the group are plotting the robbery with the use of different jazz instruments like the bass guitars, and the saxophone to give it an upbeat tempo. The Melodies brings reminder of the 60s feel like the original 1960 Ocean’s Eleven. Mise en scà ¨ne is used when the gang set their plan in motion making the movie more fast paced. It also creates meaning through the use of lighting, movement and camera positioning, and sound. Many of the film’s scenes are shot in dim, obscure rooms with slow or still camera work to snap the reaction and minimal lighting in areas to express the privacy and importance of their activity which is to rob the casinos. Bright city lights are shot around the around casino to show the greatness of Las Vegas and its wealth and treasure. The characters are dressed well mannered in suits most of the time which could hint at their level of professionalism wi th planningShow MoreRelatedInvestigating How Genre and Narrative are Established in Oceans Eleven and The Bone Collector1551 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigating How Genre and Narrative are Established in Oceans Eleven and The Bone Collector In order to examine how genre and narrative is established in two crime films, we conducted a close textual analysis of Ocean’s Eleven and The Bone Collector to find out the main conventions. The main conventions of the crime genre are law enforcers, criminals and action sequence. There are also other signifers such as criminals and etc. You can find typical iconography in theRead MoreStages of the Kill Chain Construction in the Movie, Oceans Eleven766 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis Background The â€Å"Ocean’s Eleven† movie has been chosen for the analysis in this paper mainly because of its unique storyline. Having a group of 11 people executing an indigenous plan to steal $150 million from a vault shared by three Las Vegas’ Casinos. The executed plan will be examined and mapped into a â€Å"7 stages† kill chain construction. In our analysis, we have adopted the â€Å"7 stages† kill chain model (Hutchins et al., 2011) to describe our mapping from an adversary engaging an attackRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesexaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others. 22. causal analysis writing- seeks to identify and understand the reasons why things are as they are and hence enabling focus of change activity. causal analysis links actions or events along a time line, but it differs from process analysis in that it tells us why something happens, is happening, or will probably happen. Therefore, a causal analysis can serve one or more of four main purposes: to entertain, to inform, to speculate

Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri - 866 Words

Interpreter of Maladies is a short story written in 1999 by Jhumpa Lahiri. She writes about an Indian couple who live in America and take a vacation to India. While on vacation Mrs. Das realizes that she does love her husband and her family after speaking to the cab driver. She realizes this when she sees her son get attacked by a group of monkeys at the end of the story. The tone of this story is complex and negative and the setting of the story is taking place in India while the Das family are on vacation. â€Å"Lahiri crisscrosses the continents, taking us from the beautiful city of Boston after a snowstorm, to a sun temple in the middle of India and back to staid university towns in other parts of America. Her settings, her weather and her sharp repartee are as familiar as the aroma of Indian food.† (ProQuest1) When introducing the characters, the narrator focuses more on the negative aspects of each character in the story. Mr. Das is obsessed with his new camera, Mrs. Das is bored with her family and the tour they are on and their kids are irritating. Mr. Kapasi is introduced as a man who has failed at things, lost his son, not a great job, and has an unhappy marriage. Interpreter of Maladies is written in a third persons’ view. Lahiri uses several writing techniques that complements her unique and influential writing style like Irony, Similes, and Imagery. Communication is a very important skill to have when in a relationship. In the story Interpreter of Maladies there isShow MoreRelatedThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri870 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants have to endure in order to achieve success in a new place. Two of the best representations of how Americans are observed when in a foreign country. The author of â€Å"The Interpreter of Maladies is Jhumpa Lahiri. Born in London and raised in Rhode Island, Jhumpa, whose real name is Nilanjana Sudheshna Lahiri. Jhumpa is a nickname given by her family. â€Å"Jesus Shavesà ¢â‚¬  author David Sedaris comes from a his middle-class upbringing in the suburbs of Raleigh, North Carolina, his Greek heritageRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri2176 Words   |  9 PagesIn â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, Jhumpa Lahiri uses both art and language as symbols of the difficulty of belonging when stuck between two or more cultures. Born in London from Indian parents, then raised in the United States, Lahiri puts in this story her own feeling or removal into the characters: The Das, visiting a country that has become more foreign than homely; and Mr. Kapasi, who struggles to claim his identity through language and translation. Bilbro argues that a lot of Lahiri scholarhipRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1962 Words   |  8 PagesInterpreter of Maladies is a collection of fictional short stories by highly acclaimed author Jhumpa Lahiri. The book illustrates the lives of first- and second- generation Indian immigrants as they face the challenges and struggles of living a culturally conflicted life in the United States. Lahiri herself was a part of an immigrant household. She was born in London in 1967. Her mother and father were both immigrants from India. They moved to the United States when she was two years old. BecauseRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1609 Words   |  7 PagesWhether it’s living or interacting in a new environment surrounded by unfamiliar and distinct people, one may feel culturally out of place. That is exactly the theme Jhumpa Lahiri describes in each of her stories, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies,† â€Å"Mrs. Sen’s,† and à ¢â‚¬Å"The Third and Final Continent.† In â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, we get a clear picture that the Das family, who are Indian-American, are the ones displaced here. We can see this throughout the behaviors that the Das family expresses in theirRead MoreThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1515 Words   |  7 Pageswell as how we behave and think. In the many short stories inside The Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri, Lahiri effectively describes the difficulties that immigrants have adapting to American culture. The characters of the short stories bring their culture to their lives in America, while getting a taste of a new culture. Although some people may believe culture does not have a lasting effect on one’s way of life, Lahiri shows, wherever one may travel, one’s culture will always follow. ThisRead MoreThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmusic, and art. It seems as if culture influences the wa y humans learn and live. These practices are important to one’s being because it is the shaper of our own personality, as well as how we behave and think. In the novel The Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri, Lahiri efficiently describes the difficulties that immigrants have relating their culture, with the distinct American culture there being exposed to. The culture that the characters of the short stories practice, has an effect on theRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1284 Words   |  6 Pagesfor couples to share the blame for issues that arise. However, through the stories in Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri it becomes clear that there is often one one individual who insights these problems. In â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, the main character, Shukumar, is mourning the his child who was stillborn and allowing his insecurities to distance him from his wife, Shoba. The story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the crisis of a mid dle aged man, Mr. Kapsi, whose unsupportive marriage causesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1825 Words   |  8 Pageskey to survival. In Interpreter of Maladies, a collection of short stories by Jhumpa Lahiri, different fictional characters are used to bring the reader into the Indian culture, and show how each individual’s stories affect the others. Through these stories, she presents the reader with the idea that change is what you make of it, and changing while not always a choice is important to the way each person lives their lives. Through characters like Mrs.Sen, and Mr. Pirzada, Lahiri conveys the strugglesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1271 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† by Jhumpa Lahiri, it begins with an interpreter and tour guide Mr. Kapasi who is responsible for taking the Das family to the Sun Temple at Konarak. Mr. and Mrs. Das is a young Indian couple that was born and raised in the states and dresses like foreigners along with their children Tina, Ronny, and Bobby. Mr. Kapasi has a wife and a seven-year-old son who died because of an illness, typhoid. Along the story, Mrs. Das and Mr. Kapasi got to know each other aRead MoreIdentity In Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1033 Words   |  5 Pageswhat a person has been taught, a person’s environment, and who a person wants to be. However, it is most often shaped by the events a person encounters and endures. Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri brings light to the concept of identity and how people define their identity. Through the short story â€Å"A Temporary Matter,† Lahiri uses the character of Shoba to explore how events can change one’s preconceived notions of identity. Ultimately, Shoba’s identity is defined by her miscarriage.

Malaysian Public Administration free essay sample

This report is only possible with the sincere dedication of our group members and Dr. WasonLueangpapat, Public Administration Professor. For the members, their contributions and hard work has been the chance to fulfill their part of the distributed duty in Public Administration of Malaysia. As researchers and editors, we especially want to acknowledge the Comparative Public Administration lecturer, Ajarn. Dr. WasonLueangpapat, to his friendly contributed lectures and every example that he has tried to make us understand. Even though, we still did not get them. The other groups that we must acknowledge are our parents who bring us up and sponsor for every tutorial fee and other financial supports. Finally, an untold number of people made it possible for us to work on this Malaysia report, including friends and former teachers in high school. We deeply appreciate the support and contributions of all. This report is a term assignment that we must research and analyze; (1) structure, (2) process, (3) challenge, and (4) change in public administration of interested country. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysian Public Administration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this report, these topics allow answering such questions as: * What is the general background of Malaysia? What is the Malaysian’s governmental structure and process? * What are the challenges of Malaysian’s public administration? * How Malaysia deals with those upcoming challenges? This report has included what topics that ajarn. Wason has mentioned during Qamp;A on our group presentation, Decentralization and local governance in Malaysia: * British Colonial Legacy * Decentralization * Inter-Governmental Relationships Community Relations and Emerging Recentralization * Process Toward Recentralization and Weakening on Decentralization * Reinforcing Centralization Restructuring and Impact on Decentralization * Where to Decentralization? This report required a lot of time consuming because there are many detail to research and look through. Therefore members attempted to copy and paste information into this report which was considered as plagiarism. As the editor of this report, I had already asked them to make every copy and paste into their own languages and paraphrases. We had tried our best to accomplish this paper. Please give us a suitable mark.

My Visit to the Orphanage free essay sample

A week before my ninth birthday, my family and I decided to visit the orphanage, â€Å"Prem Dan†. I was very enthusiastic about it even though I hadn’t considered the impact of doing this being a nine year old. We left for the orphanage and arrived there at 10:00 am.When we got to the orphanage, we were greeted by a lot of cute little children who welcomed us with a warm heart filled with ecstasy. We distributed the noodles and burgers that we took for them so they could have something different than their daily meal, lentil soup and rice. After lunch, we gathered in a big hall and played games like catch, the tug of war, and telephone with them. During this, one child asked me if she could call me her sister and my mother, mom. This moment was very heartfelt and was a turning point in my life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Visit to the Orphanage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tears swelled up inside me and that moment was etched in my memory ever since. I wondered what their lives was like without parents, without love and without someone to guide them. I could get a load of how much the time we spent with them meant to them. This thought made my experience with them deeply emotional and for the first time in my life, I felt blissful for doing something for other people.Seeing those children, with sporadic resources, made me appreciate the copious amounts of things I had and sometimes, took for granted. It showed me that I had a lot of privileges many people don’t and I should use them to the fullest. I also learned something very important about myself the feeling of sharing and giving joy gives me a feeling of elation. This experience also made me appreciate the love and support I get from my family and how lucky I was to have them with me.This trip to the orphanage was of great meaning to me. It showed me the other side of my life and the value of the things I had. Since then I have been trying to give back to the society and help people live their lives to the fullest.

Indochina and Colonization

Introduction The Indochina region comprises of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia countries. This region was highly influenced by colonization. Indochina refers to a peninsula that lies slightly southwest of the Chinese Republic and on the eastern part of India.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Indochina and Colonization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The region was part of the enormous French colonial empire that focused on ensuring that France became a significant global power that enhanced control of social, economic, political, and economic wealth in the countries it colonized.1 French and Vietnam relationships began in the early nineteenth century. Its intervention in the war was justified by the fact that it had the jurisdiction and political mandate of ensuring that the work of the Paris Foreign Missions organization was preserved and its continuity enhanced. French military conquest in this region infl uenced its decision to impose political and economic boundaries in Indochina.2 The paper focuses on the in-depth analysis and understanding of the various effects of colonization on French Indochina, financial benefits that might have been accrued from the colonization process, and undertaking a comparison between the effects of French colonization in Indochina and the effects of the colonization process on other colonized regions in Southeast Asia. Indochina Colonization French Indochina was established in October 1887 when the French instituted its control of the popular northern Vietnam region. French Indochina encompassed the Vietnamese rebellion between 1885 and 1895, the French-Siamese combat, French high encroachment level on Siam between 1904 and 1907, the popular â€Å"Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang†, the French verses Thai warfare, and the many economic, social, and political challenges that faced Indochina. French Indochina was a colonial relationship that was built based on achieving economic gains in the region. It was believed to be a â€Å"colonie d’exploitation† focused on ensuring that the French colony built a strong economic empire and that it enhanced its dominance of the global economic network.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More French control of Vietnam was achieved after it had won the war against China. The federation was established in October 1887. French established a substantial control of the northern region. However, it was the Vietnamese rebellion towards its colonies and its increased nationalist reaction towards the need for liberation and self-rule that transformed the French Indochina social and economic structure. The constant uprisings failed to achieve any meaningful concessions that had been desired by the French leaders. In its colonization endeavors, French colonial powers â€Å"manufactured crisis after crisis† with the aim of being perceived as peacemakers yet their real goal was to enforce its biased economic strategies. The strategies led to most countries constantly conceding defeat. Consequently, French forces continued to exercise control of their newly acquired territories.3 Effects of Colonization on French Indochina It is evident that colonization had both positive and negative effects on the French Indochina social and economic structures. Establishment of monopolistic business strategies was a major effect of the French Indochina relationship. At the time, French was the primary language of undertaking business ventures. This significantly transformed the economic structure of the region as it opened up new business networks, established global business operations and ensured that Indochina gained access to the worldwide marketplace.4 This was a very crucial development as it contributed to the rapid expansion and steady improvement of the Indochina transport and c ommunication network.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Indochina and Colonization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversification of the French colony negatively impacted all the economic gains that France had already made. The diversification process ensured that France only focused on the social and economic activities that were of benefit to its citizens, not the Indochina region. Economically, the countries in Indochina witnessed significant economic growth. Through the French Indochina relationship, the French government established mechanisms of funding the colonized countries’ governments and ensuring that such governments became dependent on its â€Å"economic goodies†. The funding was done through the imposition of high tax levels on the local people and by ensuring that business monopolies that were established on the selling of salt, rice, opium, and alcohol were fully enforced. Rather than to augment business operations in the countries it had colonized, France oppressed the colonies and ensured that they did not establish their independent business networks. The French security chiefs and financial advisers feared that empowering the colonies would be a recipe for increased rebellion due to possible achievement of economic freedom.5 The colonization process, therefore, made Indochina financially challenged. The Colonization process also leads to many uprisings combined with increased political tension and instability in Vietnam and other Indochina countries. The high level of rebellion and political pressure hindered the concern population to venture into any meaningful economic activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the countries increasingly became financially weak. By intensifying the nationalist sentiments, the Vietnamese people provoked the French military to become more forceful in its control of the territory. This contributed to increased destruction of the French infrastructure and increased destabilization of the country’s economy. France heightened the humiliation and exploitation of Indochina’s social and economic structures. Its increased diversification led to reduced economic impact as the rate of infrastructure development in Indochina declined significantly. Rather than to remain steadfast in fostering the well being of Indochina, France diversified its limited resources. This made it very ineffective in the manner in which it addressed the social and economic demands of Indochina. The colonization process was dominated with many ambiguous colonial mechanisms that lacked objectivity.6 On a positive note, colonization changed the French Indochina econo mic structure by bringing into action new and better commercial products that helped to boost the economy. The changes also contributed to the emergence of more job opportunities, thus improving people’s social and economic status. Improved economic structure encouraged the growth and mining of products such as coal, rice, tea, zinc, pepper, tin, and coffee among others.7 Thanks to the colonization process, the development of the French automobile industry was also reflected in the emergence and development of rubber plantation in Indochina. This was a significant improvement in the Indochina economic structure as the rubber industry transformed the social structure of Indochina. In essence, the colonization process helped to discover new economic opportunities as very vast plantations started to flourish in Cochinchina, Annam, and other parts of Indochina. As the world’s major rubber producer, France managed to change Indochina country’s economic trends. This w as because the region had decided to continue practicing large-scale rubber planting for commercial purposes.8 It is also evident that colonization played a significant economic role in Indochina as it stimulated other forms of investment in Indochina countries. For instance, colonies such as Vietnam witnessed the emergence of various business enterprises such as Michelin and an increase in the number of financial investors in mines and coffee, rubber, and tea plantations. The colonization process had a major long-term economic impact on the region’s industrialization process. Establishment of factories, production companies, and manufacturing plants became a crucial economic development that was witnessed.9 Sadly, most of the proceeds accrued from these economic activities were always repatriated to France and used in the improvement of the French economic status while Indochina citizens continued to perish. Improvement of transport, communication and technological networks enabled Indochina’s nations such as Indonesia and Cambodia to become bustling commercial hubs in the region. This implies that the colonization process improved people’s way of life. The existence of unique buildings such as Beaux-Arts and landmarks that include the â€Å"Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica† and the â€Å"Hanoi Opera House† helped to improve business operations in the region. Social structure in Indochina was negatively affected. In some instances, the colonization process enhanced rebellion that in turn caused many deaths, diseases and disintegration of the Indochina’s social structure due to the war that ensued. This highly contributed to the high poverty level, single-parent families, and increased cases of dysfunctional families in most countries in the region.10 The situation was very different in France as the colonization of Indochina did not have any significant effect on the country’s social structure. Other adverse effects of colonization of French Indochina included failure of the French colony to uphold human rights. Colonized people were always forced to adhere to the French policies. Although the countries in the Indochina region grew rubber and rice, among other cash crops, the people remained very miserable and financially weak. The outright discrimination that the French occupation practiced in Indochina was very saddening. This led to heightened nationalism, increased religious and racial clashes and high level of rebellion towards the French forces.11 Worst still, imperialism forced citizens in the Indochina countries to ignore their rich social, cultural, political, and economic practices. Comparison with Other Colonized Regions in South East Asia Like most colonized regions in Southeast Asia, the French colonial power’s main interest was to improve its economic status by expanding its global economic superiority. Failure to accord priority to the establishment of strong political bou ndaries proved to be a major failure in France. This resulted in increased use of political strategies that were either outdated or irrelevant to the specific situations that the French colonizers faced.12 Unlike other colonized regions in Southeast Asia, France did not manage to have a heavy political presence in Indochina. This made it much easier for other global superpowers to counter France’s security forces hence the ultimate defeat of the French forces. Unlike other colonized regions in South East Asia, Indochina countries never gained a lot of infrastructural development of its French colony. In Indochina, colonization mainly played a crucial role in improving the overall performance of the agricultural sector. Although industrial and mining sectors were developed, the extent to which the agricultural industry was improved does not match the degree to which the agricultural industry was profoundly and positively improved. Unlike other colonized regions, the French set tlement and colonization of Indochina did not take place on a large scale. Like other colonized regions in South East Asia, colonization exposed Indochina people to many social hardships. The colonization process focused on enhancing French self-interests rather than ensuring that the well being of the citizens in the colonized countries was advanced. As was the case of the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, colonization was biased towards making economic gains but failing to streamline the colony’s political stability. In nearly all cases, failure to balance between economic and political demands contributed to the colonies’ ultimate defeat and loss of control of the Indochina countries.13 France, Japan, and other colonial power trends often led to increased nationalism and rebellion to the social, political, and economic ideals enforced by the colonial powers. Colonization’s Financial Benefits To the French people, colonization enabled their country to eng age in vast rubber planting and large scale cash crop farming in foreign countries. By exporting rubber and other crop products to French companies, colonization provided many employment opportunities to the French population. On the contrary, the Indochina people were offered jobs that mainly demanded manual labor in firms.14 The jobs provided to the Indochina people could not afford them decent housing and improved living standards. In Indochina, economic growth was based on cash crop farming. France industrial sector financially benefited from the colonization of Indochina as it got the raw materials from Indochina in a very cheap, primitive, and consistent manner. In Indochina, the education sector witnessed tremendous improvement. The increased demand for skilled labor compelled the French forces to sponsor the local people to acquire the much-needed work experience and skills. Consequently, the French colony improved the level of education in Indochina and ensured that the peo ple in the Indochina region were enlightened on the needed crop production expertise.15 The core intention of the improvement of the system of education in Indochina was to ensure that economic self-interests of France were realized in the most cost-effective, efficient and consistent manner. Indochina’s health sector greatly benefited from the colonization of the region. Prior to being colonized by the French powers, Indochina mainly depended on traditional medicines. However, colonization led to improved living standards coupled with hard labor and improvement in the region’s sanitation and health standards. This has a direct influence on Indochina’s financial status as better health standards implied a healthy and more productive population. Additionally, the fact that new and more enticing goods were being produced in the colonized Indochina meant that business in the region was booming. In France, the political sector became more stable due to improved econ omic standards that enabled the French government to finance its colonial policies and other domestic economic ventures. The Indochina relationship with France resulted in the emergence of a middle-class economy. This was mainly triggered by the fact that most of the people who worked at farms, in health sector, and on the improvement of the country’s transport and communication networks enjoyed better living standards than their unemployed counterparts. The rise in the middle-class social strata was based on the fact that there were people who had gained formal employment in the agricultural sector while a few others had been employed in the health, education and production sectors. Forms of Racial Segregation During the colonization of Indochina by the French powers, race emerged as a sensitive issue. Racial discrimination was perpetrated by the French power under the disguise of employment based on one level of education and work experience. Competitive employee recruitmen t strategies were never embraced as the French colonies believed that the people in Indochina countries were of a â€Å"lower grade† and could therefore not be trusted with running large multinational companies that needed a high level of creativity and innovativeness. Colonization significantly changed the French Indochina economic structure and even augmented various economic developments in Indochina. It also bolstered enlightened people on their rights and enabled them to be aware of the need for nationalism. France also practiced gender-based racial discrimination in Indochina. Women were mainly occupied by kitchen-related tasks most of which did demand that the person doing it be skilled. In workplaces, Eurasians, Indians, whites, and Vietnamese were all treated in different ways due to the belief that an individual’s race determined his or her level of efficiency at the workplace.16 It was also evident that the French colonies did not encourage interracial marri ages between the whites and the indigenous races. Such marriages were perceived to degrade the white and could reveal the fact that race was never a crucial factor in determining an individual’s level of efficiency, reliability, creativity, and innovations. Conclusion Based on the above critical analysis of fundamental aspects of Indochina and colonization, it can be concluded that French colonization strategy was mainly focused on enhancing its economic and political self-interests. Having been under the French imperial leadership between the 1850s and 1950s, Indochina suffered a lot of economic and social challenges. During the colonization period, most French interventions were based on the need to enhance unity and ensure that French benefited from its social, economic, and political ventures undertaken in several countries across the globe. Bibliography Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hemery. Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954. Berkeley: University of Californi a Press, 2011. Edwards, Penny. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation. USA: University of Hawaii, 2008. Errington, Elizabeth and Elizabeth McKercher. The Vietnam War as history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990. Laffan, Michael. Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2007. Norindr, Panivong. Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. Osborne, Milton. The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response. New York: Cornell University Press, 1969. Footnotes 1 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds (New York: Routledge publishers, 2007). 2 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996). 3 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Um ma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East (New York: Routledge Publishers), 13-21. 4 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 32-52. 5 Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hemery, Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011). 6 Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hemery, Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858-1954, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 9-18. 7 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990). 8 Milton Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response, 1859–1905. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1969). 9 Michael Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds, Studies on the Middle East (New York: Routledge Publishers), 39-54. 10 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 89-104. 11Penny Edwards. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860-1945. Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory. (USA: University of Hawaii), 2008. 12 Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French colonial ideology in architecture, film, and literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 13-22. 13 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 35-46. 14 Milton Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response, 1859–1905. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1969), 14-31. 15 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 195-285. 16 Elizabeth Errington and Elizabeth McKercher, The Vietnam War as history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 69-81. This research paper on Indochina and Colonization was written and submitted by user Mauricio U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Positive Feedback Mechanism From a natural sciences perspective, a positive feedback mechanism is often referred as a feedback loop. Therefore, a certain action can be referred as a causative factor of a specific reaction. The reaction within the systems also leads to further action by a system as it reacts. In natural sciences, positive feedback mechanism is responsible for explosive reactions in certain elements of the ecosystem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Positive Feedback Mechanism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes, a positive feedback mechanism can cause a positive or a negative reaction. An example of a negative result from a positive feedback mechanism is global warming. This research paper introduces positive feedback in clouds as an accelerating factor in global warming. Scientifically, high-level clouds have been found to have a net cooling effect (Pickering and Owen 36). From various researches, it has been fou nd that a decrease in low-cloud cover is caused by warm atmospheric pressure. This warm atmospheric pressure is evidenced once the sea surface becomes warmer. However, a consequent rise in temperatures causes a negative feedback mechanism. This means that more clouds will be formed as a result of warm sea temperatures. Eventually, the feedback mechanisms from the rising sea temperatures directly harness global warming.  From a scientific point of view, atmospheric water is responsible for the upper-level clouds. In this respect, a positive feedback mechanism from clouds is harnessed by the net greenhouse effect from the upper-level clouds. Another reaction as a result of the upper-level clouds is an increase of the global temperatures and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Woodward 39).  Another fact that validates the assumption that clouds harness global warming is the ability to reflect incoming sunlight. High-level clouds have the ability to prevent a direct radiation of heat from the earth and water surfaces. In this respect, an impact on the global energy equation is created. It is also important to note that high-level clouds releases heat, once they start to precipitate. From a scientific perspective, such heat is transferred into the atmosphere and affects the equation of the global heat. However, a feedback loop is evidenced once the clouds start to react to the prevailing climatic conditions. Global warming can be described as the prevailing earth temperature. However, low-level clouds can alter this temperature. The interaction between low-level clouds and wind systems is considered to be a contributory factor towards global warming. Low-level clouds are thick and have the ability to trap heat than upper-level clouds. However, this depends on the control mechanism fostered by atmospheric winds.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e There are two common types of high-level clouds. The first high-level cloud is known as cirrus. Cirrus is characterized by weak reflection and strong greenhouse. The second high-level cloud is altostratus. Altostratus is characterized by intermediate reflection and intermediate greenhouse. From the above discussions, it is important to note the following cloud feedbacks. First, any cloud feedback can also cause certain changes in cloud properties. Secondly, cloud sensitivity and emissivity is affected by a change in water properties. For example, there is a change in cloud properties once the ice changes to liquid and eventually to vapor. Thirdly, the reflectivity of clouds increases with an increase in condensation of water. All these factors are crucial elements in feedback mechanism that leads to an increase in global temperatures. Pickering, T., Kevin and Owen, A., Lewis. An introduction to global environmental issues. Routledge, 1997. Print. Woodward, I. F. Advances in ecological research V22: The ecological consequences of global climate change. Academic Press, 1992. Print.

Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Essay

Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium - Essay Example The influence of environmental factors on quorum sensing as seen by the influence of glucose metabolism on the production and degradation of the signal shows that through quorum sensing the cells communicate their growth phase as well as the metabolic potential of their environment. Strain AB 1157 of E. coli and strain LT2 of S. typhimurium grown in 0.5% glucose containing LB broth for the assay was removed from the medium and checked for activity that resulted in expression of luminescence in V. harveyi. 10% cell-free culture fluids from the two strains demonstrated maximal induction of luminescence in the V. Harveyi reporter strain BB170 which has the phenotype for quorum sensing, sensor 1-, sensor 2+ which induces luminescence exclusively through the signaling system 2 detector. The response was similar to that from V. harveyi BB152 culture fluid with E. Coli showing 106% and S. typhimurium showing 237% activity of the control activity. The signaling factor was not produced and the luminescence expression not induced when the bacterial strains were cultured in LB broth without added glucose and substitution of 10% LB medium containing glucose respectively. Candidates for signal including glucose, cAMP, amino acids, acetate, ÃŽ ±-ketogluterate, homoserine lac tone and other keto acids also produced no activity suggesting V. Harveyi BB170 respond to some signaling substance secreted by E. coli AB1157 and S. typhimurium LT2 grown on glucose containing LB medium. An analogous experiment performed with V. Harveyi reporter strain BB886 (sensor 1+ , sensor 2-) which is a wild type strain that do not act in response to signaling molecules that function through the signaling system 2 detector. Addition of E. coli AB1157 and S. typhimurium LT2 cell-free culture fluids showed only a respective 1% and 5% increase above control level (control used V. harveyi BB120 spent cultures which produces system 1 autoinducer).These results shows that E. coli AB1157 and

Department of Defense Small Business Contract Essay

Department of Defense Small Business Contract - Essay Example (2009). Advantages 1. The requirement for this contract is only the delivery of the agreed merchandise, for which the contract was agreed. 2. Can also be used to test unknown contractors 3. It provides for a situation in which there is competitive bidding on the entire scope 4. Management by the owner is least required 5. It provides an incentive for the contractor to equip best resources Disadvantages 1) It bears a heavy risk to the contractor as s/he assumes the cost risk 2) Both the schedule and quality of risk is heightened 3) A very complete and in-depth definition will be needed upfront 4) There will be more costs attached when changes occur than in cost-reimbursement 5) The total schedule of the bidding process is lengthened in this case Cost-reimbursement contract This is that contract whereby a given contractor is compensated for every of its acceptable costs or rather expenses to a given limit, plus an additional imbursement to thrive to some profit (Project Management Inst itute. (1987). It is a contract with a fixed price contract, whereby the contractor is issued with a negotiated sum f money irrespective of the expenses that may be incurred thereof. There are various contracts namely the time and materials contract, the cost-reimbursement and the fixed price contracts. Each contract comes with its own performance risk and/or cost for the various agencies especially the governments but the different kinds of the cost-reimbursement contracts could be employed be it in form of the award fees, incentives etc that are put in place to motivate the contractor and subsequently dispel waste and inefficiency by the given contactor (Heldman, et al, 2007). Cost-reimbursement contract pay s the said contractor’s acceptable costs that are incurred to such extent set by the contract but may also pay an additional fee related to the performance. Such contracts do include an estimated sum intended to obligate the funds and a ceiling to that said contractor w hich exceeds at its own risk, unless agreed on and approved by the contracting personnel. This type of contract may be used in situations in which the accounting system used by the contractor for determination of costs is easily applicable to the contract and where appropriate surveillance at the time that the performance is underway (Schwalbe, K. (2009). Advantages 1) It’s also used in a situation where there is a concern in the long term quality is quite high. 2) In this case, final cost might be lower than some fixed price contract due to the fact that the contractors never inflate their prices to cover risk. 3) It has some small incentive to negotiate corners as opposed to the fixed-price contracting (Project Management Institute. (1987). Disadvantages 1. Oversight and administration is also needed in the designation of an award to be offered or any such appropriate incentive. 2. Additional administration and oversight is needed to ensure that it’s only the permiss ible costs are paid and that adequate general controls to costs are instituted. 3. Certainty is limited to the exact final cost (Project Management Institute. (1987). 4. The incentive provided to be efficient in itself is smaller as compared to the fixed-price contract. Advantage of the small over big companies in contracting There are a number of mechanisms that the government has set

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My country, India, is on the threshold of hectic development in infrastructure like roads, bridges, highways, expressways etc. India is in a tearing hurry to make up the lost time and catch up with the developed world and achieving better standard of living. Civil engineering will play a major role in changing the face of Indian Panorama. When we go for modern bridges, high rise buildings or ultra-modern condominiums; structural engineering will form the center stage of engineering development. Being the son of an engineer who is running a construction company in Mumbai for past 25 years, the exposure to civil engineering was available to me from my childhood. This field fascinated me, when I used to join my father during vacations on his projects. Thus, as far as future career was concerned, I had already decided that I should carry on the business established by my father. Only aim was that I would like to reach much greater heights in scope, expanse and technology. During my schooling and college days, where I had high academic profile, I was focused on opting for civil engineering and when I got an admission for undergraduate studies in a premier Institute like S. P. College of Engineering, which is reckoned next to IIT’s in stature and standing, I was extremely happy and decided to make the best of the opportunities offered. I found structural engineering subject very interesting as it forms the heart of any structure, be it building, bridge or highway. In my final year project, I got an opportunity to study the construction of the tallest buildings being built by a premier construction company of Mumbai. These 60 storey high rises will be the tallest in Mumbai. I was exposed to modern construction methods and management and the use of modern equipments. I could see the use of concrete batching plant (which is seldom used in India) and tower cranes on this site. For the first time, I learnt how quality control of materials is carried out to ensure safe and efficient construction, or the steps taken to improve ground stability like rock bolting and guniting etc. This project gave me an insight in how much development has taken place in civil engineering. It has firmed up my resolve to do graduate studies in structural engineering, get in-depth knowledge and exposure in the field and later, develop family construction business further. Your University with its excellent facilities, highly qualified faculty and worldclass infrastructure is the right place for pursuing graduate studies in structural engineering and if given a chance, I shall make the best out of it.

Domestic Violence in the Black Community: Policy Analysis

Domestic Violence in the Black Community: Policy Analysis ‘Behind Closed Doors’: An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Law and Policy in Cases of Severe Domestic Violence in the Black Community Introduction Over the last decade there have been an increasing number of cases of severe domestic violence that have resulted in injury and even the death of one or more parties. The researcher has highlighted a gap in current research into the effectiveness of policy in cases of domestic violence. This gap is mostly due to the relationship between domestic violence and the law being difficult to measure because very often the criminal events that take place, such as assault, occur within the privacy of private homes. Furthermore, research suggests that people who experience domestic violence are less willing to report their experiences, or talk about them afterwards due to feelings of inadequacy, guilt, and fear (Davis and Krane, 2006). Domestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are le ss likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. Methodology The research hypothesis focuses on the premise that despite recent amendments to the law the law is not effective enough in preventing the perpetrators of domestic violence from seriously harming others in the home. An overview of current law and policy concerning domestic violence will highlight the need for the government to work more closely with social services in order to better protect women and children who experience domestic violence. Research focuses on inner-city areas in the UK, where black communities are most established specifically on parental relationships and parents’ relationships with their children, and how the law seeks to protect these relationships. Using journal articles and research conducted within the last decade, patterns of domestic abuse will be examined and reasons why some cases are more severe than others will be analysed. The case studies will explore individual accounts of domestic violence. Throughout the dissertation research will be placed into a relevant theoretical framework, informed by studies on criminological theory concerning domestic violence and the law; studies on social work theory concerning violence within the home, and the degree of variation within individual experiences of domestic violence (eg: McGee, 1997 and 2000). Literature Review Domestic violence has been defined as: â€Å"a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.† (Department of Health [DoH] 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept of Health, 2003). Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic, yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association [BMA] 1999). While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime. Government Policy The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Home Office, 2005) Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead. The protection from Harassment Act 1997 ‘Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence.’ Crown Prosecution Survey (2005) Domestic Violence National Action Plan (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/) The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/) Support Organisations There are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence Helpline Community efforts, such as the ‘Peace Week.’[1] Women’s Aid National Centre for Domestic Violence (http://www.ncdv.org.uk/) Case Studies One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of ‘getting used’ to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life. An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica: ‘in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view.’ (Unknown author. http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that ‘particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.’ The purpose of the case studies will be to expose the difficulties involved in cases of domestic violence, eg: Interpreters can be used to help report cases of DV, but involving a third party in a woman’s private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence. psychological effects of domestic violence, such as blame, guilt (Davis and Krane, 2006) For migrant women there exists a fear that separation from family will not allow them to stay in the UK, and they experience the threat that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (Greenwich Multi-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003) The problem of law enforcement Statistics Statistical research will consider work such as The Home Office survey 2004 (findings from the 2001 British Crime Survey), and Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals, by The Department of Health, 2000. Analysis of Results and Theoretical Approaches Results will be analysed and compared to other relevant studies. The analysis will be placed in the context of criminology theory concerning domestic violence, such as general strain theory and angry aggression theory. This section will also draw from Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy by Vito et al (2006). Conclusion Research will aim to validate the main hypothesis: namely that recent amendments to law and policy concerning domestic violence have contributed to further protecting women and children. Yet there remain situations where the law sometimes cannot be enforced it is thus important that victims of domestic violence can access 24 hour support from their service providers, and that local authorities become more involved in helping to combat domestic violence. Bibliography Ballou, M, Margolin, A., Youga, J., 2002, ‘Voices of Violence: A Study of Male Adolescent Aggression.’ Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development. Volume: 41. Issue: 2. P. 215+. British Medical Association (BMA), 1999, Domestic Violence: a Health Care Issue? BMA: London Crown Prosecution Survey, ‘Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence.’ (2005) [online]. Available from: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/DomesticViolencePolicy.pdf [Accessed 09/10/08] Davis, S.P. Fantuzzo, J.W.,1989, ‘The effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behaviour of withdrawn and aggressive maltreated preschool children.’ Journal of Family Violence, 4 Davis, L., and Krane, J., 2006, ‘Collaborate with Caution: protecting children, helping mothers.’ Critical Social Policy. 26. 412. Available online from: ‘http://csp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/412.’ [Accessed 07/10/08] Department of Health, Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals. DoH, London. March 2000 Fantuzzo, J.W., and Mohr, W.K., 1999, ‘Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence.’ The Future of Children. Vol 9. No. 3. Gaudoin, T., Home Truths, 2001, The Times Magazine, pp. 24-9, 10 November Greenwich Multi-Agency Domestic Violence Forum ‘Tackling Domestic Violence.’ 5th Edition. August 2003. Hester, M., Pearson, C. and Harwin, N., Making an Impact. Children and Domestic Violence: a Reader. London: Jessica Kingsley Home Office, 2005, ‘National Plan for Domestic Violence.’ [online] Available from: http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence51.htm [Accessed 08/10/08] Home Office Research Study 276. ‘Domestic Violence, sexual assault, and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office March 2004 Home Office 2000. Available from ‘http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/crimlaw.pdf.’ [Accessed 07/ 10/ 08] Kelly, L., 1996, When Women Protection Is the Best Kind of Child Protection: Children, Domestic Violence and Child Abuse, Administration, 44(2), Mayhew, P., Mirlees-Black, C. and Percy, A., The 1996 British Crime Survey England Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulleting, Issue 19.96. Home Office, London 1996. McGee, C., 2000, Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence. London: Jessica Kingsley McGee, C., 1997, Childrens Experiences of Domestic Violence, Child and Family Social Work, 2 Memon, K., Wife Abuse in the Muslim Community, Belfast Islamic Centre: http://www.khyber.demon.co.uk/comfort/articles/abuse/htm [Accessed 09/10/08] McGibbon, A. and Kelly, L., Abuse of Women in the Home: Advice and Information. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. London 1989. Piaget, 1962, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Gategno, C., (transltr). New York: W. W. Norton. Richardson J., Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Wai Shan Chung, Moorey, S., and Feder, G., 2002, ‘Identifying domestic violence: cross sectional study in primary care.’ BMJ. February 2; 324(7332): 274 Shipway, L, 2004, Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Health Professionals. New York: Routledge Unknown author, ‘Domestic Violence within the Black Community.’ 2as1.Net. Available from ‘http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.’ Vito, G.F, Maahs, J.R, Holmes, R.M, (2006) Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy Jones Bartlett Wahl, R., Sisk, D.J., and Ball, T.M., 2004, ‘Clinic-based screening for domestic violence: use of a child safety questionnaire.’ University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, June 2004. BMC Med. 2004; 2: 25. Available from: ‘http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=455697.’ [Accessed 09/10/08]. URL’S Women’s Aid. Available from: ‘http://www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php’ [Accessed 08/10/08]. http://endabuse.org/programs/healthcare/files/Pediatric.pdf http://cms.met.police.uk/met/boroughs/hammersmith/04how_are_we_doing/news/community_joins_together_for_peace National Centre for Domestic Violence. Available from: http://www.ncdv.org.uk/ [Accessed 08/110/08] [1] See ‘http://cms.met.police.uk/met/boroughs/hammersmith/04how_are_we_doing/news/community_joins_together_for_peace’ ‘Accessed 27/02/07].

Complete Case: Amgen Whistleblowing Essay

Read and write up an executive summary on the case, including answers to the following questions. 1. How did Amgen’s unethical behavior contribute to the problems with Medicaid kickbacks? 2. Why does the public consider this scandal to have an unethical dilemma? 3. Explain what is meant by whistleblowing? Include your opinions and identify any gaps between public expectations of ethical standards and universal professional codes of ethical standards. Case : Amgen Whistleblowing Case Amgen, a Thousand Oaks, California–based company, had the unenviable task of dealing with lawsuits filed by 15 states in 2009 alleging a Medicaid kickback scheme.1 To make matters worse, two additional whistleblowing lawsuits were filed against the company in Ventura County. The complaints, which don’t appear related to the fraud alleged by the group of states, were brought by former employees who said they had uncovered wrongdoing at the biotech giant and were terminated after they raised red flags to superiors. One employee alleged the company violated federal law by under-reporting complaints and problems with the company’s drugs after they hit the market. The facts of that lawsuit are described below. Former Amgen employee Shawn O’Brien sued Amgen for wrongful termination on October 9, 2009, alleging he was laid off in October 2007 in retaliation for raising concerns about how the company reported complaints and problems with drugs already on the market. O’Brien worked as a senior project manager for Amgen’s â€Å"Ongoing Change Program,† according to the lawsuit filed in Ventura County Superior Court. His job was to improve Amgen’s â€Å"compliance processes with high inherent risk to public safety, major criminal and civil liability, or both,† according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleged that in April 2007, Amgen’s board of directors flagged the company’s process for dealing with post-market complaints about drugs as a potential problem. Federal law requires drug companies to track and report to the Food and Drug Administration any problems with their drugs after they hit the market. In June 2007, O’Brien was put on the case. He soon uncovered facts that Amgen was not adequately and consistently identifying phone calls or mail related to post-marketing adverse events of product complaints. That year, O’Brien warned the company about the seriousness of the issues but, he claims, the company would not take any action or offer any support. In August 2007, O’Brien took his complaint to a senior executive/corporate officer (unnamed) and warned that Amgen’s process for dealing with post-market problems wasn’t adequate. In early September of 2007, O’Brien’s managers instructed him to stop all work and not discuss the issues any further with anyone. Approximately four weeks later he was informed that he was being terminated as part of Amgen’s October 12, 2007, reduction in the work force.

Personality Development Essay

-Psychology-scientific study of human and animal behavior and human mental processes. -Logos-logic : Ancient greek philosophers. Introduce logos. Explain natural world. -Natural Philosophers-naturalistic/physicalistic explanations. Mythos: story or legend. -Empiricism-knowledge based on observable events. Instantly applied to understanding of natural world. -Personality Psychology-scientific study of unique, characteristic patterns of thinking. Feeling, acting(cognition, emotion, behavior) –Various Theories â€Å"Different focus will produce different conclusions.† Hebrew Tradition (mythos) – two basic impulses that are identified. 1. yetzer ra: selfish impulse. Drive towards survival. 2. Yetzer Tov: Selfish/altruist impulse. Moral. Christian Tradition (mythos) – Original sin. Basic Nature is selfish. Early Greek Tradition (logos) – Greek physicians: Hippocrates (460-370bc) Human health/behavior-result of bodily fluids/humors. Imbalance of humors produces illness(blood, phlegm, bile). Related to fire water wind earth air. Galen (131-200ad) Development of Theory of Impernment (personality types) 4 Types: *Sanguine (blood and air) Personalities: extraverted, social. Extreme: arrogant, indulgent, impulsive ** Cholaric (yellow bile, fire) Personality: passionate, charismatic, ambitious, energetic. Extreme: dominary ***Melancholic (Black bile, earth) Personalities: thoughtfulness, considerate, creative. Extreme: OCD ****Phlematic (phlegm, water) Personalities: kind, dependable, reliable. Extreme: inhibited, reserved. ^Continues as Trait Theory Myers Brigg personality type indicator–invented by Carl Jung E-I: extrovert/introvert S-N: Sensing/intuative T-P: thinking/feeling J-P: judging/percepting *16-17 Century:——-Essential Nature: Three Philosophies Thomas Hobbs (original Sin) – inherently selfish, egotistically, aggressive. Must be controlled by society Jean Jacque Rousseau (noble savage) – inherently good, selfless, altruistic. Corrupted by society. John Locke (tabla rasa, blank slate) – neither inherently good or bad. Shaped by society. *20 Century—–Each philosophy is going to influence a psychology (Personality Theory) Three Psychologies: Sigmund Freud (psychodynamic) – selfish, pleasure seeking, aggressive (Id). Controlled by internalized social constraints (superego) Carl Rogers (humanistic/ existential) – inherently good. Possess potential for positive growth. Basic needs not met. B.F Skinner (behaviorism) – neither good/bad. Shaped by experience, environment. Learning Sigmund Freud First comprehensive theory or personality dev. Three components: Personality structures – personality composed of 3 interacting elements. Biologically focused. Id – inborn selfish, self serving, aggressive, pleasure serving. Superego – Voice of conscience. Conflicts with Id–produces anxiety. Ego – Mediator between Id and Superego. Seeks to satisfy Id’s demands in a socially acceptable way. Reduce anxiety. Develops defense mechanisms. * Defense mechanisms – Ego and Id. Reduce tension or anxiety between the Id and Superego. Believed repression was the primary defense. Remove from conscious awareness deny existence of conflict. Developmental Stages __Anna Freud Focus on ego development. Focus on adaption to social world. Defense mechanisms facilitate social adaptation. Development of Ego Psychology – Focused on social relatedness as a motivator vs biological. Responsible for negotiating between individuals needs and outside world. *Success of defense mechanisms based on how well they work meeting needs. Adaptive vs. Maladaptive *#*# Ego Psychology – Basic Propositions: 1. Inborn capacity to function adaptively. Life long process of active adaptation to external envir. 2. Ego has autonomous functions within â€Å"conflict free zone†(interaction between individual and world). Ego mediates between the individual and the social world. __Heinz Hartman – Ego Psychology and the problem of Adaptation -Individual adapts to interactions with â€Å"real† world. Autonomous function of ego–Arise from evolution and enhances survival. >Process of Adaptation: Occurs in two domains: 1. Alloplastic Adaptation – change and choose environment. 2. Autoplastic Adaptation – change self to meet needs. __Erik Erikson – Identity and the life cycle. Epigenic Principle – development occurs in series of stages. Stages are universal. Stages unfold in pre-determined order. Each stage requires mastering of tasks. Life long process. Have cumulative effect. __Alfred Adler – â€Å"Individual Psychology†. Still considered psychodynamic. Develops as reaction to freud. Most influential unknown psychologist. Contributions: Positive psychology. Emphasis on: uniqueness of each person. Social/cognitive influences. *Active construction of self. -Based on four concepts: Striving for significance Private Logic Fictional Finalism Style of life -*-Striving for Significance – Perfection. Completeness. Self Actualization. Based on private logic and fictional finalism. Inborn sense of inferiority. Develop compensation. Failure to overcome results in inferiority complex (overcompensation). -*-Private Logic – emphasizing creative power of self. Suggest â€Å"self† is not passively determined. actively constructed. Function is served by fictional finalism and life style. -*-Fictional Finalism – future oriented. The goal towards which we strive. Exist subjectively. Goal is to satisfy striving for superiority. Individuals pursue goals through various behavioral choices. Each person develops unique patterns of behaviors.(style of life) -*-Life Style – Attempts to gain goal through various behavioral patterns/choices. Each person express striving different. Based on private logic and fictional finalism. Individually unique patterns of behaviors/responses.

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper This paper will consider which activities are officially counted as crime and feature in the official crime statistics, opening with a view as to why some activities do, whilst others, quite clearly and equally criminal, do not figure amongst these official statistics. This approach acknowledges that not all crimes, for whatever reasons, are reported to or acted upon by the police. We will consider serious and dangerous activities that some may deem equally criminal but which never find their way into the official statistics as a result of what Steven Box identifies as ideological mystification. Having examined this paradoxical situation, we will consider the futility of using crime statistics in the tracking of crimes, and in the implementation of measures against them. Before addressing this question, it would be helpful to be aware of what official criminal statistics represent in reality, and what they can actually tell us. Given this understanding, it seems that we can never be completely sure that the data, which represent certain activities as crime, fully reflects the true extent to which crime is being committed. There are many variables that need to be taken account of, such as the number of pursuits legally counted as crimes that are actually being reported to, and recorded by, the police. The most important issue here is the requirement for consistency in recording; yet the discretion that we know to be open to, and exercised by, the police affords them the freedom to manipulate the records in order to suit some hidden agenda or ulterior motive (e. g. he need for the police to meet Key Performance Indicators; or attempts to show crime as being higher or lower than the figures would in actual fact suggest), thus allowing the statistics to be constructed in such a way as to mislead and misinform politicians and the general public about the level of crime in our society. Therefore, if we do not have a clear picture from true and accurate statistics, it would appear to be futile to rely on these for the purposes of tracking crime or, indeed, in applying the measures taken against it. The dark figure of crime (unrecorded crimes) is not represented within the official criminal statistics. These unrecorded crimes can include anything from the pilfering of property in the workplace, to vandalism and the violent abuse of women and children within the home, (Muncie, J. 1998). These are crimes more usually picked up in self-reports or victimisation studies conducted by the British Crime Study (BCS) and which can be said to illustrate something of the disparity existent between the official statistics and peoples life experience of crimes. In 1982 and 1984, the BCS suggested that only about half of known crime is reported to the police. Since this is the case, and given the fact that very little is known about the bulk of criminal activity in Britain, the official crime statistics are far from representative of the reality of crime in Britain and so are of very little use in informing policy measures taken against it; although it could be argued that they may be of some use to certain politicians wishing to embark upon a law and order campaign. It could also be argued that these statistics may be used to point the finger at certain sections of the populace for purely political reasons. Steven Box (1981), poses the powerful argument, for example, that criminal laws are little more than ideological constructions representing the interests of an influential ruling elite. Box argues that laws tend to focus on those victimizing behaviours that are considered more serious and given greater prominence in the public perception, as constituting the most serious of social problems and deserving of no less serious responses. Crimes such as murder, rape, robbery and burglary are clearly reflected within the official crime statistics as perpetrated by predominantly young men of low socio-economic status. Amongst these, the uneducated, unemployed and ethnic minorities are over-represented and form the bulk of the prison population. This apparently tells us that particular sections of the populace are the most likely perpetrators of crime and criminal activity within society. However, statistics such as these do not tell us that, as Box indicates, far more serious crimes and criminality occur on a regular basis yet go unnoticed. A large number of these offences are crimes committed by the rich and powerful, which are carried out on the relatively powerless; real people who suffer avoidable death and serious injury for want of the proper implementation of current health and safety regulations at work and elsewhere. Criminal law also excludes from protection consumers who have been sold faulty products through the malpractices of manufacturers, or shareholders that incur losses resulting from the deliberate mismanagement of a company by its directors or senior management. (Box, 1981). Thus, the official criminal statistics would appear actually to hide the crimes of the more powerful, wealthy and privileged individuals within society whilst simultaneously serving to overemphasize and overstate those criminal activities of the weak. This effectively distorts and renders unreliable the official picture of crime as portrayed by the state. In relation to our question, it would appear then that the official crime statistics are far from representative of the true extent and reality of crime in our society, and although the vast majority of people wish to be protected from the very real crimes featured in the official statistics, they are notoriously unreliable indicators of the incidence of crime or, indeed, of the types of crime being committed in contemporary Britain. Therefore, the remainder of the question seems to be a fruitless pursuit unless we wish to advocate various conspiracy theories and speak in terms of the official crime statistics serving purposes such as controlling targeted sections of the populace by tracking their particular activities and informing the measures taken in combating these, whilst simultaneously serving to cover up the crimes of the rich and powerful elite and distract attention from their activities. In point of fact, that line of argument would result in the assertion that the official crime statistics actually serve to help maintain this particular, current, status quo.

The Younger Years of Grace Murray Hopper

The Younger Years of Grace Murray Hopper Computer programming pioneer Grace Murray Hopper was born on December 9, 1906, in New York City. Her childhood and early years contributed to her brilliant career but also showed how she was a typical kid in many ways. She was the oldest of three children. Her sister Mary was three years younger and her brother Roger was five years younger than Grace. She fondly recalled the happy summers playing typical childhood games together at a cottage on Lake Wentworth in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. Still, she thought that she took the blame too often for mischief the children and their cousins got into on vacation. Once, she lost her swimming privileges for a week for instigating them to climb a tree. Besides playing outdoors, she also learned crafts such as needlepoint and cross-stitch. She enjoyed reading and learned to play the piano. Hopper liked to tinker with gadgets and find out how they worked. At age seven she was curious about how her alarm clocked worked. But when she took it apart, she was unable to put it back together. She continued taking apart seven alarm clocks, to the displeasure of her mother, who limited her to taking apart just one. Math Talent Runs in the Family Her father, Walter Fletcher Murray, and paternal grandfather were insurance brokers, a profession which makes use of statistics. Graces mother, Mary Campbell Van Horne Murray, loved math and went along on surveying trips with her father, John Van Horne, who was a senior civil engineer for the city of New York. While it wasnt proper at that time for a young lady to take an interest in math, she was allowed to study geometry but not algebra or trigonometry. It was acceptable to use math to keep household finances in order, but that was all. Mary learned to understand the familys finances because feared her husband would die from his health problems. He lived to be 75. Father Encourages Education Hopper credited her father for encouraging her to step beyond the usual feminine role, have ambition and get a good education. He wanted his girls to have the same opportunities as his boy. He wanted them to be self-sufficient since he wouldnt be able to leave them much of an inheritance. Grace Murray Hopper attended  private schools in New York City where the curriculum focused on teaching girls to be ladies. However, she was still able to play sports at school, including basketball, field hockey, and water polo. She wanted to enter Vassar College at age 16 but failed the Latin exam, She had to be a boarding student for a year until she was able to enter Vassar at age 17 in 1923. Entering the Navy Hopper was considered too old, at age 34, to join the military after the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II. But as a mathematics professor, her skills were a critical need for the military. While Navy officials said she should serve as a civilian, she was determined to enlist. She took a leave of absence from her teaching position at Vassar and had to get a waiver because she was underweight for her height. With her determination, she was sworn into the U.S. Navy Reserve in December 1943. She would serve for 43 years. Her younger years shaped her path to the computer programming legacy for which she is famous. Later in life, after her time in the Navy, she invented the Mark I Computer with Howard Aiken. Her early math talent, her education, and her Navy experience all played a role in her eventual career. Source and Further Reading Elizabeth Dickason, Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time, The Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine, 27 June 2011.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TOPIC - Research Proposal Example It also breaks the monotonous classroom and office set up thereby bringing change to the learning environment resulting in close attention to class work. A number of students fail in their exams not because intelligence quotient, but because of the approach used that makes learning boring, which ends in low grades and therefore, incorporating visual aids in the learning process improves student’s performance. Various software packages and tools like power point are used to enhance learning, thus making learning very interactive. Customization of effects that include color, give the audience a better understanding of what is under discussion, giving visual learning an edge over other traditional learning methods. Through this, it’s very easy for students to recall what they have been taught through the use of images, the same effects are employed in early childhood education. Visual Learning provides certain elements that notes or texts cannot provide. The use of elements like graphs, charts, images and slide-shows give students the ability to retain most of the things learnt, than they would otherwise retain through the normal classroom lessons. It is therefore important to study how these tools improve performance among students and their relationships with similar tools used in early childhood. It’s of significance to know changes, if any, in the learning process as one begins at kindergarten through to institutions of higher learning by undertaking further research on this topic (Salkind,

Derby Castles Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Derby Castles Management - Assignment Example The succeeding part of the document will delve directly on presenting these problems. Robin Hood can develop a SMART Goals by making a comprehensive, actionable, flexible, and goals that could be able to shift together with the shifting market demands. It should be based on perceived reality and possibilities of change in the future. Before the goals are set, Robin Hood should first identify the real essence and purpose of the organization. "Develop a long-term relationship with the customers through providing value-based services, hassle free transaction processing through the use of information wise systems of customer accommodation in order to gain customer loyalty, which will lead to profitability." Poor Marketing Strategy - Marion Montgomery, the marketing manager shared the marketing strategy they had utilized as one of the secrets behind the success of attracting diverse types of visitors-customers. She is to some extent confident that their main line in their advert which says "Derby Castle - the finest mediaeval castle in England" is a full package description of the castles features. But she does not discount the Castle's unique state of preservation, the breadth of attractions it offers, its location on the banks of the River Trent or its thousand-year span of history. In general, the advert is ineffective in the sense that it has only served lesser information than what is needed. The management is ignoring the fact that different people would have different reaction to what we can consider a poetic line, and each have different preferences in based on their expectations of the overall performance in exchange for their payment. Historical Values against Financial Values - This talks about the real value of the site. Montgomery said that "Coca-Cola have offered us a sponsorship deal. They will give us money for a particular project which will increase our revenue and also the number of visitors we are getting. The problem is that Coca-Cola is the epitome of youth and fizz while the Castle's target market is adults ABC 1, average age

Short Critical Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Critical Reflection Paper - Essay Example If I was allowed to guess the structure of the Web 3.0, I would embed nearly all the five senses that the human beings have within their folds. This would give me a better understanding of things that are related with the Internet and which bring success to their domains. There would hence be more participation by the members of the Internet and hence Web 3.0 would bring in more value for the sake of the users without any doubt (Green, 2011). Email seems to be a thing of the past as far as the teenagers are concerned. This is because they do not believe that emailing to their friends and family members is anywhere close to being their own selves, and they would rather send text messages on the phone or even call up the other party instead of emailing which has never been a hit with the teenagers (Lundby, 2011). Therefore it is a fact that emailing within teenagers is dead and would not come back until a new technology is

Software Reuse Essay Example for Free

Software Reuse Essay Abstract Effective reuse of software products is reportedly increasing productivity, saving time, and reducing cost of software development. Historically, software reuse focused on repackaging and reapplying of code modules, data structures or entire applications in the new software projects (Prieto-Diaz 1994). Recently, however, it has been acknowledgedas beneficial to redeploy software components across the entire development life-cycle, starting with domain modelling and requirements specification, through software design, coding and testing, to maintenance and operation. There were also attempts to reuse aspects of project organisation and methodology, development processes, and communication structures. However, as the concept of reusing software components is very clear at the code level (whether in source or binary form), the very same concept becomes more fuzzy and difficult to grasp when discussed in the context of reusing specifications and designs (whether in textual or diagrammatical form), or quite incomprehensible when applied to software informal requirements, domain knowledge or human skills and expertise (expressed in natural language, knowledge representation formalism, or existing only in humans). This problem of dealing with reusable software artefacts resulting from the earliest stages of software development, in particular requirements specifications, attracted our particular interest in the reusability technology. Our work is motivated primarily by the possibility of improving the process of requirements elicitation by methodical reuse of software specifications and their components with the aid of information extracted from user informal requirements documents. The problems and issues that we aim to investigate in this research are best illustrated by the following statement outlining current needs and the goals for the future research in requirements reuse: †¢ More research is needed on the advantages and the necessary methods for requirements reuse. For example, what are requirements components’, what makes them reusable, how can we store and retrieve them, and how do we write a requirements specification that gives us the highest probability of creating or reusing existing requirements components? (Hsia, Davis et al. 1993). Definitions To address the issues advanced by Hsia, Davis and Kung, and to avoid any confusion farther in this paper, we need to clearly define some major concepts of software reuse, reusability, reusable artefacts, their possible forms, reusability methods, their major motivators and inhibitors, etc. Hence, we adopt our definitions from Prieto-Diaz (Prieto-Diaz 1989) as follows :-†¢ reuse is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encoding development information at different levels of abstraction, storing this representation for future reference, matching of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their adaptation to suit new requirements; †¢ reuse is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encoding development information at different levels of abstraction, storing his representation for future reference, matching of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their adaptation to suit new requirements; †¢ reusability is a measure of the ease with which one can use those previous concepts or objects in the new situations. Reuse Artefacts The object of reusability, reusable artefact , can be any information which a developer may need in the process of creating software (Freeman 1983), this includes any of the following software components :- †¢ code fragments, which come in a form of source code, PDL, or various charts; †¢ logical program structures , such as modules, interfaces, or data structures; †¢ functional structures , e.g. specifications of functions and their collections; †¢ domain knowledge , i.e. scientific laws, models of knowledge domains; †¢ knowledge of development process , in a form of life-cycle models; †¢ environment-level information, e.g. experiential data or users feedback; †¢ artefact transformation during development process (Basili 1990); etc. A controlled collection of reuse artefacts constitutes a reuse library. Such libraries must contain not only reusable components but are also expected to provide certain types of services to their users (Wegner 1989), e.g. storage, searching, inspecting and retrieval of artefacts from different application domains, and of varying granularity and abstraction, loading, linking and invoking of stored artefacts, specifying artefact relationships, etc. The major problems in the utilisation of such reuse libraries are in determining appropriate artefact classification schemes and in the selection of methods to effectively and efficiently search the library. To bypass the problems with reuse libraries, the use of specialised domain-specific languages was proposed as an alternative. Such languages use strict syntax and semantics defined in terms of an application domain and its reusable artefacts. While enforcing notational conformance with a predetermined syntax and semantics, the domain-specific languages restrict the number of possible classification and search mechanisms used in the process of composing a problem solution, e.g. as in DRACO (Neighbors 1989) or GIST (Feather 1989). Artefact Characteristics Certain classes of software artefacts have been identified as eminently suitable to become part of a reuse library and be, subsequently, utilised as reusable software resources. Such artefacts usually share a number of characteristics, deemed to actively promote reusability (Biggerstaff and Richter 1989; Matsumoto 1989; McClure 1989), those artefact are perceived to be :-†¢ expressive, i.e. they are of general utility and of adequate level of abstraction, so that they could be used in many different contexts, and be applicable to variety of problem areas; †¢ definite, i.e. they are constructed and documented with a clarity of purpose, their capabilities and limitations are easily identifiable, interfaces, required resources, external dependencies and operational environments are specified, and all other requirements are explicit and well defined; †¢ transferable , i.e. it is possible to easily transfer an artefact to a different environment or problem domain, this usually means that it is self-contained, with few dependencies on implementation-related concepts, it is abstract and well parametrised; †¢ additive, i.e. it should be possible to seamlessly compose existing artefacts into new products or other reusable components, without the need for massive software modifications or causing adverse side effects; †¢ formal , reusable artefacts should, at least at some level of abstraction, be described using a formal or semi-formal notation, such an approach provides means to formally verify an artefact correctness, it enables to predict violation of integrity constraints during artefact composition, or to assess the level of completeness for a product constructed of reusable parts; †¢ machine representable, those of the artefacts which can be described in terms of computationally determined attribute values, which can easily be decomposed into machine representable parts, which can be accessed, analysed, manipulated and possibly modified by computer-based processes, have a clear potential for becoming part of a flexible reuse library; those artefacts can be easily searched for, retrieved, interpreted, altered and finally integrated into larger system; †¢ self-contained , reusable artefacts which embody a single idea are easier to understand, they have less dependencies on external factors, whether environmental or implementational, they have interfaces which are simple to use, they are easier to extend, adapt and maintain; †¢ language independent, no implementation language details should be embedded in reusable artefacts, this also means that most useable artefacts are those which are described in terms of a specification or design formalism, or those low level solutions which could be used from variety of programming languages on a given implementation platform, either by appropriate macro processors or link editors; †¢ able to represent data and procedures , i.e. reusable artefacts should be able to encapsulate both their data structures and logic, down to a fine grain of detail, such an approach increases artefact cohesion and reduces the possibility of artefact coupling by common data passed via arguments or global variables; †¢ verifiable , as any other software components, reusable artefacts should be easy to test by their maintainers, and, what is even of a greater importance, by their users who embed reusable components into their own systems, and who must have the capability to monitor the components computational context and their interfaces; †¢ simple , minimum and explicit artefact interfaces will encourage developers to use artefacts, simple and easy to understand artefacts can also be easily modified by developers to suit new applications; and †¢ easily changeable, certain type of problems will require artefacts to be adopted to the new specifications, such changes should be localised to the artefact and require minimum of side effects. Reuse in Software Life-Cycle Computer software can be systematically reused across the entire development life-cycle, i.e. domain analysis, requirements specification, design and implementation, it has its place even in the post-delivery stages of development, e.g. its continuing quality assessment or software maintenance. Implementation. Early experience with software reuse was limited to reuse of program code in source and binary form. A great emphasis was put on development of programming languages which could support various methods of clustering, packaging, modularisation, parametrisation and sharing of data and code via data types and code blocks (ALGOL), named common blocks (FORTRAN), parametric functions and macros (FORTRAN and LISP), copy libraries (COBOL), information hiding (PASCAL), modules (SIMULA and MODULA), generic packages (ADA), objects and classes (SMALLTALK and C++), etc. The idea of code sharing was further supported by various operating system utilities which allowed independent program compilation, creation of relocatable libraries or link editing (Reed 1983). In those early days, no serious effort on a commercial scale was undertaken to reuse the early life-cycle artefacts, i.e. designs, specifications, requirements or enterprise models. This situation was caused by :- †¢ the lack of awareness of potential benefits that could be gained from reusing more abstract software artefacts; †¢ unavailability of commercial methodologies embracing software reuse at their centre-point; †¢ informal nature of early specification and design documents; and †¢ shortage of tools capable to represent specifications and designs in a computer-processable form. At the same time, †¢ the construction of libraries was known to improve software development productivity, and was practiced in nearly every commercial organisation; †¢ program code was written according to a formal grammar and it adhered to established semantic rules; and †¢ the construction of code libraries was supported by editors, compilers, loaders and linkers, which could be freely customised to accommodate various reuse tasks. Design. Today’s development approaches, such as object-oriented methods (Graham 1994) or rapid application development (Martin 1991), vigorously advocate reusing software artefacts at the earliest possible stage of the software life-cycle. Program design methods are now capable of utilising well-defined diagrammatic notations, which allow production of documents which are simpler and more legible than code, which clearly exhibit their conceptual contents, which are well structured and modular, and which allow dealing with problem complexity at various levels of abstraction and granularity. With the advent of CASE tools (McClure 1989) the contemporary design techniques are also supported by specialised software environments capable of capturing design ideas in a form leaning towards further processing by computer-based reuse tools. Today, it is also commonly perceived that reuse of software designs, as opposed to code reuse, is more economic, and cognitively a much more intuiti ve process. Requirements Specification. While application of reuse techniques to software design has visible advantages over code reuse, some researchers (Matsumoto 1989) claim further increases in the scope of software reusability when given opportunity to reuse modules at higher levels of abstraction, i.e. software specifications and requirements. Others support this claim, voicing the need to reuse large-scale artefacts going beyond design components and including entire design frameworks and domain resources (Li 1993). Bubenko et. al. (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994) further propose to combine design and reuse libraries to accommodate development processes capable of reusing conceptual schemas to support the process of requirements engineering. Such an approach provides users with the library of reusable components that could match their requirements, improves the quality of requirements specifications by making available well-defined conceptual components as early as requirements specification, and improves the productivity of the requirements engineering process by shortening the requirements formalisation effort (Castano and De Antonellis 1994). In the REBOOT system, Morel and Faget (Morel and Faget 1993) aim at extending this approach to the entire software life-cycle. Such advances in requirements and specification reuse were in part facilitated by :- †¢ Development of the new types of programming languages, such as PROLOG or EIFFEL, which combine elements of program specification and design (via logic and class specification) at the level of code, such an approach promotes interpretation and reuse of abstract program descriptions throughout the life-cycle; †¢ dissemination of prototyping tools and visual programming environments capable of graphic representation of user requirements and the subsequent generation of code or code skeletons (Vonk 1989; Ambler and Burnett 1990), facilitating effective composition of programs of domain-specific, visual, reuse components; †¢ introduction of formal requirements and specification languages, such as RML (Greenspan, Mylopoulos et al. 1994), Z (Spivey 1989), VDM (Woodman and Heal 1993) or LARCH (Guttag and Horning 1993), permitting representation, structuring, verification, and reuse of specification components; †¢ object-oriented technologies integrating various diagrammatic techniques into a single methodology, e.g. Information Engineering (Martin 1993), or unifying elements of conceptual modelling, program specification and design into one consistent notation, e.g. Object-Oriented Conceptual Modelling (Dillon and Tan 1993), such object-oriented development methods allow creation of abstract conceptual schemata which can be readily adapted by instantiation and inheritance to new problem solutions; †¢ development of full-text databases utilising efficient information retrieval methods (Salton 1989), being introduced as a repository for storing, classification and subsequent retrieval of design and specification texts (Frakes and Nejmeh 1988; Maarek, Berry et al. 1991; Fugini and Faustle 1993); and finally †¢ application of knowledge-based techniques and intelligent software development assistants in requirements acquisition and specification (Lowry and Duran 1989); Domain Analysis. The final frontier for software reuse in the development life-cycle is a thorough analysis of a given problem domain. This approach is grounded on the belief that in a real-life situation reusability is not a universal property of program code or processed information but it rather depends on a context of the problem and its solution, which themselves are relatively cohesive and stable (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991). The main aim of domain analysis is the construction of a domain model of which components could be reused in solving variety of problems. Such a model will customarily include definition of concepts used in the specification of problems and software systems, definition of typical design decisions, alternatives, trade-offs and justifications, and software implementation plans. Such a model may take variety of different forms, to include (cf. Figure 1) :- †¢ definitional model, which provides knowledge taxonomies and actonomies describing domain concepts, their structure, semantics, and relationships between them; †¢ knowledge representation model, giving domain semantics and explanation facilities; †¢ domain-specific languages , which when expressed as formal grammars and supported by parsers may provide direct translation of specifications into executable code; †¢ instructional models , indicating the methods of constructing working systems in a given domain, such methods may be described by standards, guidelines, templates, or interface definitions; †¢ functional models, describing how systems work, using representations such as data flow diagrams or program description languages; †¢ structural models, provide means to define architecture of domain systems; etc. In the process of constructing a domain model, the common knowledge from related systems is generalised, objects and operations common to all systems in a given domain are identified, and a model is defined to describe their inter-relationships. The main problem with this process is that knowledge sources for domain modelling (as found in technical literature, existing implementations, customer surveys, expert advice or current and future requirements) are frequently verbose and informal. Thus, special techniques and tools are needed to deal with it, e.g. knowledge acquisition tools, entity-relationship modelling tools, object-oriented methods, semantic clustering tools, CASE and parsing tools (Agresti and McGarry 1988). Reuse Process. In this work, we will view the process of software reuse as comprising three stages of artefact processing (cf. Figure 2), i.e. their analysis, organisation and synthesis. †¢ Artefact analysis starts with identification of artefacts in existing software products (Ning, Engberts et al. 1994) or in a currently analysed domain (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991), this is followed by their understanding and representation in a suitable formalism to reflect their function and semantics, with possible generalisation to widen the scope of their future applications. †¢ Artefact organisation includes classification and storage of artefacts in an appropriate software repository, the subsequent repository search and artefacts retrieval whenever they are needed in the reuse process. †¢ Artefact synthesis consists of artefact selection from a number of retrieved candidate artefacts, their adaptation to suit the new application, and their integration into a completely new software product. The tasks undertaken in the three stages of artefact processing are also frequently discussed from the perspective of development-for-reuse and development-by-reuse (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994). †¢ Development-for-reuse is emphasising the construction of the reuse library, involving the identification, understanding , generalisation , and the subsequent classification and storage of artefacts for later reuse. †¢ Development-by-reuse is concerned with the effective utilisation of the reuse library to support new software development, it involves searching, retrieval , selection , adaptation, and integration of artefacts into the software system under construction. As reuse is quite independent of any particular development process model, it, thus, could be embedded into a variety of methodologies, to include waterfall model (Hall and Boldyreff 1991), rapid prototyping (Martin 1991), object-oriented design (Meyer 1987),etc. While the inclusion of reuse into a development cycle is of a significant benefit to the entire process, at the same time it may complicate the development process (e.g. see Figure 3). Also, reuse tasks may significantly overlap with those performed in other development phases, e.g. software integration or maintenance. The separation of concerns lead some researchers (Hall and Boldyreff 1991) into pointing out that reuse must occur across different projects or problem areas, as opposed to those tasks which aim at the change, improvement or refinement of software undertaken within a single project which should not be regarded as reuse, e.g. †¢ software porting , which only aims at adopting existing software product to different hardware or operating system environments; †¢ software maintenance , which strives to correct software erroneous behaviour or to alter the existing program to suit changing requirements; and †¢ software reconfiguration, which provides a method of customising software to be used with different hardware components or making only a subset of its facilities available to the user. Assessing the Reuse Process and its Goals The value of software reuse cannot be gauged in simple, unambiguous, congruous and canonical fashion. One of the reasons for this difficulty lies in the fact that there is a variety of reusable artefact types and the methods and techniques for their creation, manipulation and maintenance. Another reason can be set in inadequacy of measuring tools to assess the reuse benefit or its hindrance, as it can be measured using variety of incompatible metrics, some of which are based on economic, some on technical, then again others on social or cognitive principles. Finally, it is the numerous software stakeholders who are not likely to agree on the common goals of the reuse process itself, as they will all have distinct and opposing development goals. The contention on thee success or failure of reuse approaches is best reflected in the myths, biases and preconceptions of software developers and management, this section will, thus, summarise such opinions as they are reported in the software engineering literature. Reuse benefits. Adopting reuse-based software development process attracts a number of well recognised economic and psychological benefits to both the end-users and developers (Tracz 1988b; Hemmann 1992). These include the following. †¢ Savings in costs and time. As a developer uses already pre-defined components, hence, the activities associated with components specification, design and implementation are now replaced with finding components, their adaptation to suit new requirements, and their integration. Experience shows (also from other fields, like electronic engineering) that the latter set of activities takes less times and therefore costs less. It should be noted, though, that development of components for reuse will certainly attract additional effort, time and cost. This costs, however, can be offset by savings in a number of different software projects. †¢ Increase in productivity. A set of reusable artefacts can frequently be viewed as a high-level language of concepts drawn from a given problem domain. Hence, a developer is given an opportunity to work with more abstract notions related directly to the problem at hand and to ignore low-level, implementation details. It has been shown that working at a higher level of abstraction leads to an increase in development productivity. †¢ Increase in reliability. Reuse library can be viewed as a software product itself, therefore, its development follows a normal cycle of requirements specification, design, implementation, testing, documentation and maintenance. By the very assumption, the user base and a life-span of reuse artefacts is much greater than that of any individual product, thus, the reliability of such artefact is also increased. This also leads to an improved reliability of systems built of reusable components rather than of those built entirely from scratch. †¢ Increase in ease of maintenance. Systems constructed of reusable parts are usually simpler, smaller, and more abstract. Their design is closer to the problem domain and their reliability is greater. This of course has an very positive impact on the quality of such systems maintenance. †¢ Improvement in documentation and testing. Reusable components are normally accompanied by high quality documentation and by previously developed tests plans and cases. Whenever a new system is created by simple selection and altering of such components, then, their documentation and tests will have to be much easier to develop as well. †¢ High speed and low cost replacement of aging systems. As the reuse-based systems share a very large collection of program logic via the reuse library, thus, they are significantly less complex and much smaller in size than those developed from scratch. Such systems will therefore need less effort during porting or adaptation to new hardware and software environments. It should also be noted that it would normally be the reusable components of the system that is technology intensive, and thus, very expensive to develop, e.g. graphical user interfaces, databases, communications, device control, etc. Sharing that cost across several systems would certainly reduce it when a global replacement of computing resources is called for. Reuse drawbacks. At the same time, in practice, radical gains in productivity and quality cannot be achieved due to some preconceptions held by developers and their management (Tracz 1988b; Hemmann 1992). The claims commonly put forward by programmers include :- †¢ reusing code, as compared with development of entirely new systems, is boring; †¢ locally developed code is better than that developed elsewhere (NIH factor); †¢ it is easier to rewrite complex programs from scratch rather than to maintain it; †¢ there are no tools to assist programmers in finding reusable artefacts; †¢ in majority of cases, developed programs are too specialised for reuse; †¢ adopted software development methodology does not support software reuse; †¢ reuse is often ad-hoc and is unplanned; †¢ there is no formal training in reusing code and designs effectively; †¢ useful reusable artefacts are not supported on the preferred development platform; †¢ the reuse process is too slow; †¢ interfaces of reusable artefacts are too awkward to use; †¢ code with reusable components is often too big or too inefficient; †¢ programs built of reusable components are not readily transportable; †¢ reusable components do not conform to adopted standards; †¢ reuse techniques do not scale up to large software projects; †¢ there are no incentives to reuse software. Meanwhile, management also raises objections based on the following arguments :- †¢ it takes too much effort and time to introduce reuse in workplace; †¢ perceived productivity gains will result in cuts to the project man-power; †¢ customers may expect reusable artefacts to be delivered with their product; †¢ it may be difficult to prevent plagiarism of reusable artefacts; †¢ reuse of code may lead to legal responsibility in case of software failure; †¢ the cost of maintaining reusable libraries is prohibitive; †¢ management is not trained in software development methods with reuse; †¢ there is no coordination between software project partners to introduce reuse. Such problems of perception often result from irrational, nevertheless, deeply rooted myths about reusability and the reuse process. A selection of such myths (cf. Table 1) were reported and subsequently demistified by Tracz (1988a). Reuse motivators. While the common prejudice, miconceptions and outright myths among developers and management prevent companies to effectively introduce reuse into their mainstream development, Frakes and Fox (1995) show in their survey that only few factors listed above have any real impact on the success or failure of software reuse, i.e. †¢ the type of application domain althought the reasons for this phenomenon are not known, it seems that certain types of industries show significantly higher levels of reuse (e.g. telecommunication companies) in certain areas of the life-cycle than others (e.g. aerospace industries); †¢ perceived economic feasibility in those organisations where management convinced its software developers that reuse is desirable and economically viable had a much higher success in the introduction of reuse into those organisations; †¢ high quality and functional relevance of reuse assets increases the likelihood of the assets to be reused; †¢ common software process although developers themselves do not regard a common software process as promoting reuse, there is a strong correlation between the gains in the process maturity and the gains in the level of software reuse; and finally, †¢ reuse education education about reuse, both in school and at work, improves reuse and is a necessary part of a reuse program, however, since the issues of software reuse are rarely discussed in the academic curriculum, it is necessary for management to bear the responsibility to provide reuse-specific training to its employees. The same study also showed that other factors, widely perceived as reuse motivators or inhibitors, have only a minimal effect on the reuse process, e.g. †¢ use of specific programming languages and paradigms it is often perceived that structured, modular, object-oriented, or high-level languages improve the prospects of successful software reuse, the collected statistics, however, show no such correlation; †¢ utilisation of software support environments and CASE although development tools are frequently marketted as greatly enhancing software reusability, some studies show that the current employed CASE tools are not particularly effective in promoting reuse of life-cycle objects across projects in an organisation; †¢ employment of staff experienced in software engineering it seems to be evident that experienced software development practitioners are potentially better reusers than those who have no formal training in software engineering, however contrary to this belief, it can be shown that experience and knowledge of software development principles is not a substitute for training in methods and techniques specific to reuse activities; †¢ provision of recognition rewards as an incentive to promote reuse practices in the organisation it is likely that only monetary rewards are a more effective motivator for implementing reuse practices; †¢ existence of perceived legal impediments to the utilisation of reusable software as majority of reuse efforts concentrates on the in-house development of reusable artefacts, thus, the legal issues are of less concern; †¢ existence of reuse repositories many organisations consider such repositories as central to their reuse efforts, practice, however, shows that those organisations which do not use sophisticated computer-aided tools assisting the classification and retrieval of software artefacts achieve similar levels of reuse as those who are active proponents and users of such automated repositories; †¢ the size of an organisation conducting a software development project the project or development team size is often used as an argument against the introduction of a formal reuse process, small companies believe the narrow scope of their application domain will limit the potential benefit of reuse, while the big companies fear the necessary investment of resources and money to properly implement systematic reuse, the apprehension in both of these cases in unwarranted and the likelyhood of a success or failure of reuse efforts is independent of the company or project size; †¢ considerations of software and process quality majority of surveyed developers had generally positive experience in reusing various software assets developed outside their home companies, overall, the quality concerns had little impact on the level of software reuse, the situation would probably be very different if the quality of reused assets were to deteriorate; †¢ reuse measurements in majority of companies measurement of reuse levels, software quality, and software productivity are not done, however, those organisation which measure software reusability are not getting any significant higher reuse levels than those which fail to monitor their successes or failures in reusing software artefacts, thus in practice, measuring software reuse has very little effect on the whole of the reuse process. Finally, Krueger (1989) provides four tenets of the successful software reuse, the tenets based on the technical and cognitive factors which he believes will ultimately translate into variety of development goals to achieve an effective policy on software reusability, i.e. †¢ reuse must reduce the cognitive effort of software development; †¢ constructing systems of reusable components must be easier than to building them from scratch; †¢ finding reusable artefacts must be more efficient than building them; †¢ understanding artefacts is fundamental to their effective selection. Summary This paper defined the concepts of software reuse, reusability, reuse artefact and reuse library. It listed those attributes of software artefacts which increase a chance of them being reused, e.g. they have to be expressive, definite, transferable, additive, formal, machine representable, self-contained, language independent, able to represent data and procedures, verifiable, simple, and easily changeable. Then the paper gave an overview of major reuse efforts in the life-cycle, starting with coding and design, and then going through specification and requirements capture, and finally covering domain analysis and modelling. Two forms of reuse-based development were discussed, i.e. development-for-reuse, aiming at the construction of reuse library, and consisting of artefact identification, generalisation, classification and storage; and the second, development-by-reuse, aiming at the construction of a new software product with the use of reuse library, and including the tasks of searching for reusable artefacts, their understanding, adaptation to new requirements, and their integration into a new system. The stages of artefacts processing include their analysis, organisation and synthesis. Finally the paper analyses the benefits and the perceived disadvantages of software reusability, focusing in particular on the myths and misconceptions held by developers and their managers. Four preconditions for reusability success were given as reduction in cognitive complexity, ease of implementation, ability to understanding of artefact structure and function, and finally, economy of reuse. Bibliography Agresti, W. W. and F. E. McGarry (1988). The Minnowbrook Workshop on Software Reuse: A summary report. Software Reuse: Emerging Technology. W. Tracz. Washington, D.C., Computer Society Press: 33-40. Ambler, A. L. and M. M. Burnett (1990). Influence of visual technology on the evolution of language environments. Visual Programming Environments: Paradigms and Systems. P. G. Ephraim. Los Alamitos, California, IEEE Computer Society Press : 19-32. Arango, G. and R. Prieto-Diaz (1991). Part1: Introduction and Overview, Domain Analysis and Research Directions. Domain Analysis and Software Systems Modeling. P.-D. Ruben and A. Guillermo. Los Alamitos, California, IEEE Computer Society Press: 9-32. Basili, V. R. (1990). Viewing maintenance as reuse-oriented software development. IEEE Software : 19-25. Biggerstaff, T. J. and C. Richter (1989). Reusability framework, assessment, and directions. Software Reusability: Concepts and Models. J. B. Ted and J. P. Alan. New York, New York, ACM Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 1: 1-18. Bubenko, J., C. Rolland, et al. (1994). Facilitating Fuzzy to Formal requirements modelling. The First International Conference on Requirements Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado, IEEE Computer Society Press. Castano, S. and V. De Antonellis (1994). â€Å"The F3 Reuse Environment for Requirements Engineering.† ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 19(3): 62-65. Dillon, T. S. and P. L. Tan (1993). Object-Oriented Conceptual Modeling. Sydney, Prentice-Hall. Feather, M. S. (1989). Reuse in the context of a transformation-based methodology. Software Reusability: Concepts and Models. J. B. Ted and J. P. Alan. New York, New York, ACM Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 1: 337-359. Frakes, W. B. and C. J. Fox (1995). Sixteen questions about software reuse. Communications of the ACM. 38: 75-87,112. Frakes, W. B. and B. A. Nejmeh (1988). An information system for software reuse. Tutorial on Software Reuse: Emerging Technology. W. Tracz. Washington, D.C., IEEE Computer Society Press : 142-151. Freeman, P. (1983). Reusable software engineering: concepts and research directions. Tutorial on Software Design Techniques. F. Peter and I. W. Anthony. Los Angeles, California, IEEE Computer Society Press: 63-76. Fugini, M. G. and S. Faustle (1993). Retrieval of reusable components in a development information system. Advances in Software Reuse: Selected Papers from the Second International Workshop on Software Reusability, Lucca, Italy, IEEE Computer Society Press. Graham, I. (1994). Object Oriented Methods. Wokingham, England, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Greenspan, S., J. Mylopoulos, et al. (1994). On formal requirements modeling languages: RML revisited. 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, Sorrento, Italy, IEEE Computer Society Press. Guttag, J. V. and J. J. Horning (1993). Larch: Languages and Tools for Formal Specifications. New York, Springer-Verlag. Hall, P. and C. Boldyreff (1991). Software reuse. Software Engineers Reference Book. A. M. John. Oxford, U.K., Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd : 41/1-12. Hemmann, T. (1992). Reuse in Software and Knowledge Engineering, , , German National Research Center for Computer Science (GDM), Artificial Intelligence Research Division. Hsia, P., A. Davis, et al. (1993). Status Report: Requirements Engineering. IEEE Software : 75-79. Krueger, C. W. (1989). Models of Reuse in Software Engineering, CMU-CS-89-188, , School of Computer Science , Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.